| Artists
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Kirsten
Petersen
© 2008
All Rights Reserved
onstamps@yahoo.dk |
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"Das
Modegeschäft"
(Fashion Shop), 1913, Westfälisches Landesmuseum für
Kunst und Kulturgeschichte
in Münster, Germany
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Macke,
August (1887-1914).
German Painter. Born as a son of an engineer in Meschede, North
Rhine-Westphalia. During his childhood he spent time in Basle
where he came into contact with the work of Arnold Böcklin (Swiss
Symbolist Painter). 1904-1905 he studied at the Düsseldorf
Academy of Fine Arts and later at the School for Arts and Crafts
in Düsseldorf. From 1907-08 he studied at Lovis Corinth's school
in Berlin, (Corinth was known for his dramatic figurative and
landscape paintings). In 1907 he visit Paris for the first time.
In 1909 he married Elisabeth Gerhardt (he portrayed her e.g.: "Elisabeth Gerhardt
sewing", 1909, Galerie Utermann, Dortmund, Germany).
In 1910 he met Franz Marc in Munich and the following
year, he was
one of the founders of the German Expressionist group "Der
blaue Reiter" (The blue Rider). In 1911 the first "blue
Rider"-exhibition was held at Thannhauser gallery in Munich,
Macke was represented with three work. In 1912 he visit Paris
together with Marc, where they discovered the work of
Robert Delaunay -
during his trips to Paris, he met several
impressionist, fauvist and cubist painters. His
preferred subject matter remained urban scenes of shopping and
leisure. In 1914 he visited Tunisia with Paul Klee and Louis René
Moilliet,
and the same year he was killed in World War I. (Expressionism) |
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Magritte,
René
Francois Ghislain (1898-1967). Belgian painter born in
Lessines. In 1912 his mother committed suicide by
drowning herself. Between 1916-18 he studied at the
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. In 1920
he had his first exhibition at the Centre d’Art in
Brussels. In 1922 he married Georgette Berger
and worked briefly as graphic artist in a wallpaper
factory. In 1923 he participated in an exhibition at
the Cercle Royal Artistique in Antwerp together with
e.g. Lyonel Feininger, El Lissitzky and László
Moholy-Nagy. In 1926 he painted his first
surrealist work "Le Jockey Perdu" (The Lost
Jockey), the following year he had his first solo
exhibition in Galerie Le Centaure in Brussels, later
that year Magritte and his wife moved
to Perreux-sur-Marne near Paris, where he
frequented the Surrealist circle e.g. André
Breton, Jean
Arp, Salvador
Dali, Paul Eluard and Joan
Miró. In 1929 Magritte contributed to the final issue of the |
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"Révolution Surréaliste".
He returned to Belgium in 1930, and in 1933 he
was given a solo exhibition at the Palais des
Beaux-Arts in Brussels. In 1940 the Magritte
family moved to Carcassonne in the south of
France. In the 1940s Magritte was a frequent
exhibitor at the Galerie Dietrich in Brussels.
In 1953 he made murals for the casino at
Knokke-le-Zoute in Belgium. In 1954 a
retrospective exhibition of his work was held at
the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels and in
1960 at the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston and
at the Museum for Contemporary Arts in Dallas.
In 1965 Magritte traveled to the USA for the
first time on the occasion of a retrospective
exhibitions of his work at the Museum of Modern
Art in New York. (Surrealism)
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"The
Treachery of Images (Ceci n'est pas une
pipe)", 1928, Los Angeles County Museum of Art
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"The
Castle in
the Pyrenees"
(La
Chateau
des Pyrenees)
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"Black
Magic", 1933
Musée Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels,
Belgium |
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"Memory",
1948, Patrimoine culturel de la Communauté
français de Belgique |
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"The
Empire of Lights"(L'Empire des
Lumieres), Musée Royaux des
Beaux-Arts, Brussels, Belgium |
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Malevich, Kazimir/Kasimir (1878-1935).
Russian painter and writer. One of the pioneers of Abstract Art, the
founder of Suprematism. In 1915 he formulated the manifest of
Suprematism. Malevich also became interested in architecture - the
Russian constructivism and the European Functionalism e.g. The
Bauhaus School were influenced by Malevich. He became a
central figure in the avant-garde movement before and after the Russian
Revolution. His work of art did not got official acknowledgement in Soviet
Russia.
In 1913 he painted the epoch-making "Black Square" a black
square on a ground of white. (Suprematism)
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"Black
Square", 1913, and "Red Square",
1915 |
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Malinovsky,
Lise (1957). Danish painter and graphic designer. Born in Copenhagen.
Malinovsky apprenticed as a weaver in 1974, and from 1976-79 she studied
at the School of Applied Art in Copenhagen - her childhood dream was to become a
weaver, meanwhile her artistic temperament did not fit with the discipline
of art handicraft,
so in 1979 she began studies at The Danish Royal Academy of Fine Arts in
Copenhagen under Stig Broegger and Robert
Jacobsen, in 1985 she
graduated from the Royal Academy.
In her own expressionistic manner Malinowsky has executed
paintings on gigantic canvases, she uses strong brushstrokes and powerful
colours - her motifs are e.g. exotic animals, bullfighters,
flowers, human figures, portraits and more abstract
compositions.
In 2001 she created the Tivoli-poster, for the Copenhagen amusement
park Tivoli, the motif was the old animal carousel.
Her works have been shown in many exhibitions in Denmark and
abroad, and she has received quite a few grants.
(Neue
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Manet,
Edouard
(1832-1883). French painter and
graphics artist. He was born in Paris, and he died in Paris. From 1850-56 he was
apprenticed to Thomas Couture, he often went to the Louvre museum studying old
masters - Flemish, Italian and Spanish art were of crucial importance to
him. In his Spanish
period (e.g. "The Absinth Drinker", 1859), he was influenced by the mastery of colouring
and realistic descriptions represented in the works of Goya and
Velásques. After the years at Couture's studio Manet traveled in Belgium,
Germany, Austria, Italy and the Netherlands. Like the contemporary painter
Courbet, he searched for his motifs in everyday
life and in the immediate surroundings,
in contrast to Courbet, he broke with the traditional style - Japanese
colour woodcut, which got great attention in France in the 1860s, contribute to creating his figurative language. Like the Japanese he emphasized the
flat effects of the
painting at the expense of sculptural modulating - colouristic light and varied
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"Luncheon on the Grass",
1863,
and
"The Reading", 1869,
Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France
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"Portrait
Of Mme Manet On A Blue Sofa", 1874, Musée
d'Orsay, Paris |
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"Boating",
1874, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York |
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"The
flautist", 1866, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
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In 1859 Manet's works were refused at the Paris Salon, though Delacroix
was the spokesman of his paintings. In 1861 his paintings were approved
by the Salon and received a very good coverage, and he began exhibiting
at
Galerie Martinet in Paris. In the early 1860s he formed a friendship with
Baudelaire and Degas.
In 1863 Manet sent
three paintings to the Salon, among these the figure
composition "The Bath" renamed as "Luncheon on the Grass" (Musée
d'Orsay, Paris) - two dressed men and a nude woman were controversial,
and his paintings were refused and instead exhibited at Salon des
Refusés, where the critic Théophile Thoré was attracted to them.
Manet became the leading artist of his time especially becaucse of "Luncheon
on the Grass", a flat painting liberated from the
competition with the camera. Manet claimed that a painted
canvas first and foremost was a flat surface covered with
colour, the spectator should look at the painting not
through it. L'art
pour l'art (art for art's sake, in Latin:
Ars Gratia Artis) - art did not have
to serve purposes taken from e.g. literature, politics,
religion, the beauty of the painting itself was enough - art
for art's sake was expressed in "Luncheon on the
Grass".
The critics and the the public despised his paintings, however young
artists gathered around him, they saw the renewal in his art - it was
these young artists, who later became the core of the impressionist
group. Influenced by his younger colleagues Manet in the 1870s has got a
step closer to understanding of Impressionism.
I 1865 Manet's "Olympia" and "Christ Mocked"
(aka Christ crowned with Thorns) got a rough reception at
the Salon. The same year Manet traveled in Spain, where he
met Théodore Duret. He made friends with Emile Zola in
1866 - Zola defended him in a controversial article for the periodical L’Evènement.
In 1868 two of his works were accepted at the Salon. From
1879-82 he exhibited annually at the Salon. In 1880 in Paris
Manet was given a solo exhibition, La Vie Moderne. A
commemorative exhibition was held a year after his dead at
Ecole des Beaux-Arts.
The artists who followed Manet called themselves the
Impressionists. (Naturalism) |
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Matisse,
Henri-Émîle-Benoit (1869-1954). French painter, graphic artist and
sculptor. He was born in Le Chateau-Cambrésis in Northern France, his
father was a grocer and corn dealer, at the age of 85 Matisse died in
Nice in Southern France.
From 1887-88 he studied law and he worked briefly at a lawyers office,
in 1890 during postoperative convalescence (he had his appendix
removed), he began to paint, and he studied briefly at Académie Julian
in Paris. In 1895 he became acquainted with
Gustave Moreau, who
motivated him to enter the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, where he studied under
Moreau.
In 1901 he exhibited at Salon des Indépendants in Paris, where he met
Maurice de Vlaminck. In 1904 his first solo exhibition was held at
Galerie Vollard. About 1905 he had his breakthrough as Fauvist - he
became the leading figure of Fauvism. The painting "Woman
with the hat", 1905, portrait of his wife
Amélie, San
Francisco Museum of Modern Art, shocked the public in both Europe and
the USA with its discord of colours - though his paintings were
controversial in France, he got patrons among American and Russian art
collectors.
In 1908 he published the book "Notes d'un Peintre" (Notes of a
Painter), a theoretical defense of his own work. Matisse was influenced
by the Impressionist, however he became engaged in paintings reacting
against the impressionistic tradition, Cezanne,
van Gogh
and Gauguin
exerted a great influence on his artistic
development, and Matisse was
among the first Europeans, who had an eye for the visual arts of Africa
and the South Seas, the so-called "primitive art". Matisse
concentrated about creating a feast for the eye, he was master of
colours, he created |
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"Blue
Nude IV", 1952 Musée Henri Matisse, Nice, France
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"La Lectrice"
(A Woman Reading), 1894 |
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Metropolitan Museum of Art i New York.
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landscapes, figure compositions,
still-lifes,
interiors, portraits, paper cuts etc - he executed book illustrations
for Mallarmé and Baudelaire. From the early 1920s until 1939 he mainly lived in Southern France and
Paris. In 1925 he was named Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, the most distinguished
French decoration. In 1930 his works were exhibited in New York and
Berlin, and in 1931 and again in 1951 retrospective exhibitions were
held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
While recovering after undergoing two operations in 1941 and 1942, he
worked with papercuts (papiers découpés). In 1947
"Jazz"
was published - written and illustrated by Matisse, most known is probably
"Icarus"
(the Greek myth about Icarus, who tried to fly from Crete wearing a pair
of wax wings, created by his father Daedalus. Icarus flew too close to the sun,
and the wax wings
melted and he fell into the Aegean Sea and drowned).
From 1948-51 La
Chapelle du Rosaire in Vence was decorated by Matisse - he
created the wall decorations, a stained glass painting and the interior.
In 1952 Musée Matisse was inaugurated in his native town Le Chateau-Cambrésis.
A tremendous rhythm and temperamental colours characterized his earliest
works, as the years went by his colours became more subdued, some of his
most beautiful collages were executed few years before he died - his
latest work was a stained glass rosette in Union
Church in Pocantico Hills, New York, commissioned by Nelson Rockefeller in 1954.
Matisse got great influence on the painters of the 20th century. (Fauvism) |
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Michelangelo's
David, 1503, donated to
Copenhagen by the patron and
brewer Carl Jacobsen 1896,
Langelinie, Copenhagen |
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Michelangelo
Buonarroti
(Michelagniolo
di Lodovico Buonarroti-Simoni) (1475-1564)
Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of sonnets
(important sources from
Michelangelo himself, about his life
and work).
He
was born in Caprese near Florence. His artistic activities
were concentrated in Florence and Rome.
First and foremost Michelangelo was a sculptor of marble
statues, and he considered his work with sculptors to be
his real dedication, and described himself as
self-taught in sculpting, however the main part of his life's work
consisted of paintings, the ceiling frescoes in the
Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.
In 1488, at the age of 13, he was
apprenticed to Domenico and David Ghirlandaio's workshop in Florence, and
it is believed that it was Ghirlandaio who taught him the
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He studied
and imitated the sculptures of the Medici
family's massive art collection which included works by Giotto,
Massaccio and Donatello and also Greek and Roman sculptors. Particularly
the ancient statues fascinated him, because the old masters had been able to
create beautiful human bodies in motion, using all sinews and muscles, so
his fascination of these sculptors led to studies and dissection of dead
bodies, provided to him by the prior of Santa
Spirito. The Medici Family, a Florentine merchant-
and banker-family, was predominant in Florence in two periods from 1434-1494,
and from 1525-1737. The Family was the employers of Ghirlandaio and in this
way Michelangelo became introduced to them, and was
patronized by Lorenzo di Medici ("il Magnifico") and his
successor Piero de'Medici from 1448-92. Michelangelo was invited into the
household of "il Magnifico", and there he had the opportunity to discuss with younger
members of the family (among whom were the
future popes Leo X and Clemens VII). He
was much inspired by the philosophical and artistic
tendencies in time for example the Neo-Platonism, and the most important of
the Renaissance Neo-Platonists Marsilio Ficino.
In 1494 Michelangelo went to Venice and Bologna
respectively, but already the following year he returned
to Florence.
From 1496-1501 he stayed in Rome, and during this
period he created his first Pietà (1497-1500), a marble statue depicting the
Virgin Mary grieving over the dead Jesus after his crucifixion (St. Peters
Cathedral in Rome).
From 1501-1505 he worked in Florence on sculpting and painting. The "Madonna" (1503-1504) was created for
the Cathedral of Sienna, and attracted merchants
from Bruges who brought the Madonna-sculptor to Bruges in 1506. His
statue of David (1501-1504) was the first monumental High Renaissance
statue, it was given a strong right hand,
Manu Forti. (The Accademia Gallery in Florence). In 1505 Pope Julius II chose Michelangelo to
execute his tomb, 40 sculptures were planned, but only 6 were completed (San Pietro in Vincoli
in Rome), because the Pope lost interest in the tomb. Instead, he was intensely concerned about the plans for the new St.
Peters Basilica. Michelangelo went to
Florence, but in 1508 he returned to Rome and
started the decoration of the ceiling in The Sistine Chapel.
Only when that was completed in 1512, he continued his work with
the tomb.
From 1513-1527 Michelangelo worked
both in Rome
and Florence. In Florence he worked on |
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the facade of the San Lorenzo church (the church of The
Medici-Family), and the tombs in the church. In 1527 he was
forced to stop working on all the projects because of plague, war and
rebellion against the Medici-Family who fled from Florence,
but was reinstated in 1531 by Charles V.
From that time on Michelangelo continued his
work with the burial vault.
In 1534 Michelangelo was commissioned another
decoration task in The Sistine Chapel by Pope Clement VII, The Last
Judgment (1536-1541). In the last decades of his life he was occupied
with architectural projects, for example the
court yard of Palazzo Farnese, remodeling the Capitol and finishing
the dome of St. Peters Cathedral after the death
of Bramante, and worked simultaneously on the Pietà groups. The Rondanini Pieta was his last
group,
he worked on it till a few days before he died
and left it unfinished. (Renaissance,
Mannerism)
"In
the room the women come and go Talking of
Michelangelo" (T.S. Eliot:
The
Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,
1919)
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1.-2. |
"David",
1501-1504.
Photo: Kirsten Petersen |
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"The
Delphic Sibyl" (The Delphic Oracle). The Vault
of the Sistine Chapel |
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"The
Virgin of Bruges", 1503-1504 |
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"The
Prophet Ezekiel".
The Vault
of the Sistine Chapel |
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"The
Ancestors of Christ". The Vault
of the Sistine Chapel |
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The Creation of the
Sun,
the Moon and the Plants, the
Sistine
Chapel Ceiling, 1508-1512 |
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The
Creation of Adam, the
Sistine
Chapel Ceiling, 1508-1512 |
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The
Fall and Expulsion from Paradise, the
Sistine
Chapel Ceiling, 1508-1512 |
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The Flood,
the
Sistine
Chapel Ceiling, 1508-1512 |
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The Sistine Chapel
(the ceiling Renaissance,
the Last Judgment
Mannerism), named after its builder, Pope Sixtus IV (ruled
1471-84), was known as "the first chapel in Christendom". See also
St.
Peters Basilica in Rome |
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Adam,
the
Sistine
Chapel Ceiling |
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Eve,
the
Sistine
Chapel Ceiling |
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"The
Holy Family"
"The Doni Tondo",
1506 |
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"Aurora"
(dawn) and "Crepusculum" (twilight)
, the sepulchral monument of Lorenzo de
Medici, 1520-34 |
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1. |
"Nicodemus",
The Deposition, called Florence
Pietà,
1553 |
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The
Last Judgment, The Sistine Chapel, 1536-1541.
The Judge and Elects.
Christ the
Judge and the Virgin to his right in the shadow of the raised arm
that condemns the Reprobate. 1536-1541 |
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The
Last Judgment, The Sistine Chapel, 1536-1541.
Angelic trumpeters
who call the Reborn to the supreme
Judgment and bear the Books of Merits
and Faults |
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The
Last Judgment, The Sistine Chapel, 1536-1541.
Angelic trumpeters
who call the Reborn to the supreme
Judgment and bear the Books of Merits
and Faults |
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The
Last Judgment, The Sistine
Chapel,
1536-1541. Resurrection of the dead.
Groups of the
Blessed who rise to Heaven, aided by others of the reborn and by
angels |
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The Fall and Expulsion from
Paradise.
The Vault
of the Sistine Chapel (1508-1512).
"Now the serpent was more subtle than any
other wild creature that The Lord God had made. He said to the woman, "Did God
say, 'You shall not eat of any tree of the
garden'?" "And the woman said to the serpent, "We may
eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden; but God said, 'You
shall not eat of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the
garden, neither shall you touch it, lest you die.'"
"But the serpent said to the woman, "You will not die. For
God knows that when you eat of it your eyes will be opened, and you
will be like God, knowing good and evil." "So when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and
that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be
desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit and ate; and she
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Then the eyes of both
were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed
leaves together and made themselves aprons." (Genesis 3.1-7) "Then The Lord God said to the woman, "What is this that
you have done?" The woman said, "The serpent beguiled me,
and I ate." (Genesis 3.13) "And The Lord God made for Adam and for his wife garments of
skins, and clothed them. Then The Lord God said, "Behold, the
man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil; and now, lest
he put forth his hand and take also of the tree of life, and eat,
and live for ever" - therefore The Lord God sent him forth from
the garden of Eden, to till the ground from which he was taken. He
drove out the man; and at the east of the garden of Eden he placed
the cherubim, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to guard
the way to the tree of life." (Genesis 3:1-24)
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Michelangelo's
Pietà groups
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Pietà,
1497-1500,
St. Peter's Cathedral, the external
beauty of High Renaissance. |
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Florence
Pietà,
1553, the
Deposition. The internal and external
beauty. The figures in the sculpture group
are Nicodemus, the body of the dead
Christ, to the left of Christ Mary
Magdalene and to the right the blessed
Virgin Mary. Florence Pietà is a
manneristic group. The Museum of the Opera
del Duomo, Florence. |
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Palestrine-Pietà,
1554, spiritual mannerism. The group
was
attributed to Michelangelo for the first
time in 1756.
Galleria dell'Academia in Florence |
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Rondanini-Pietà, 1555-64,
pure spirit without physical beauty. Is it
a Pietà group or not, this has been
discussed many times - the Christ figure
stands with a supportive Virgin Mary
behind him, and a free floating ownerless
right arm is seen. Michelangelo worked on
the group until the last days of his life.
Castello Sforzesco,
Milan.
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Millet,
Jean-Francois (1814-1875). French painter and graphics artist
connected with the Barbizon School. He had influenced Vincent van
Gogh.
Social-realistic paintings of hardworking people fx "The
Angelus", 1857-59. "The Baker", 1852-56. "The
Sower" 1850. "The Gleaners", 1857. "Harvesters
Resting", 1853. "The Laundresses", 1850-52, "The
Winnower", 1866-68 (which has a strong likeness to the
stamp-motif). Millet's realism was romantic and sentimental, but at the
same time a reaction against the French romantic painters lacking
contact with their age. (Realism)
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Miro,Joan (1893-1983).
Spanish painter, sculptor, graphics artist and book
illustrator. He was born in Montroig, Catalonia, and he died in Palma de
Mallorca. His father, a goldsmith and
watchmaker, was determined that his son should
get an education within business. To satisfy his
father Miró became an office worker. While
studying at commercial school he attended art
school.
A nervous breakdown
led to he gave up his job to concentrate
on art studies once again. From 1912-15 he took
lessons at Galí's private academy in Barcelona.
Early he received
encouragement from the art dealer José Dalmau,
who arranged his first solo exhibition in Barcelona in 1918. Miró's earliest works were
influenced by
van Gogh,
and from 1919 by
Picasso
and Cubism. I 1920 Miro visited
Paris
for the first time, where he joined poets such
as Tristan Tzara, Max Jacob and Pierre Reverdy
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Guggenheim
Museum of Modern Art, New York |
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In the 1920s he painted a number of still-lifes.
In 1924 he joined the Surrealists, and the
following year a solo exhibition of his
Surrealist paintings were held at Galerie Pierre
in
Paris. I 1928 he visited
the Netherlands and began a series of paintings
influenced by the Dutch's masters - the same
year he created his first collages, and the
following year he began experimenting with
lithography - his first etching is from 1933. In the early 1930s he
created surrealistic sculptures. In 1936
Spain's civil war forced
him to leave his country, he moved to
Paris, where he stayed until 1940 and
returned to Barcelona. In 1941 he began working with
ceramics and prints. He lived in the US from 1947-48.
From 1954-58 he worked almost entirely with
ceramics and prints ("The
Wall of the Sun" and "The
Wall of the Moon", UNESCO, Paris). In 1959 he began to paint
again. In the 1960s he seriously worked with
sculptures. His surrealistic paintings were
characterized by automatic forms and the
thoughts dictation - decorative change of forms
and colours, no recognizable elements.
Together with
Kandinsky
and
Klee
Miro had decisive influence on the younger
modern European artists.
Miro's works had been exhibited in several large
cities such as Paris, Copenhagen, New York and at the first Documenta in
Kassel
in
Germany
in 1955 (the world’s most prestigious art
exhibition). In 1954 he received a medal for his
graphic work at the Venice Biennale.
In 1976 the
Miró-museum,
Fundació Joan Miró, in Parc de Montjuic in Barcelona opened to the public.
(Surrealism) |
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"Flight of
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Modigliani,
Amedeo (1884-1920) Italian-Jewish painter and
sculptor born in Livorno. He was contemporary with the cubists,
but he did not take part in the movement.
His artistic education began in 1898, his teacher was Guglielmo
Micheli, a student of Giovanni Fattori, the head of an Italian
movement similar to the Impressionist movement in France. In 1902
he became a student at "Scuola Libera de Nudo" in
Florence. In 1903 he went to Venice, where he entered a similar
school, meeting at the same time Umberto
Boccione and Ardego Soffici, the leading artists of Futurism.
In 1906 he went on
to Paris, and lived a bohemian life at Montmatre, he got soon
known for his excesses, for example taking off his clothes in
drunkenness. Alcohol remained his big
problem.
The French anti-Semitism mattered a
great deal to him and made him focus on
his Jewish identity. His Parisian friends were mainly Jewish:
Soutine, Kisling, the sculptor Lipchitz and the poet Max Jacob,
his only connection with artists round Picasso.
In 1909 sick and tired out, he went to Livorno for some time.
Later on he returned to Paris, where he settled down more
permanently in Montparnasse, decided to become
a sculptor and chose Brancusi as teacher. There
was a clear connection between his sculptural works and those
of Brancusi. The influence from African Art, which
Modigliano saw at "Musée de l'Homme", was obvious. In
his sculptures he continued his
special mode of expression, which particularly was characteristic
of long-limbed, lengthy, elegant, sophisticated and graceful
Paintings of figures. He was an outsider in time, influenced of
the idiom of the Cubism and the proportions known from the
presentations of humans in Italian paintings from the Manierism
period. Modigliani's constant lack of money led to that his
sculptors mainly were made of stone stolen from building sites. In 1912 he became sick a went to Italy for recreation. He gave op
the hard physical works with the sculptures and started painting
again, primarily portraits.
He had some unsuccessful relationships with women, but in
1917 he met the 19 year old Jeanne Hébuterne,
whom he portrayed several times.
In 1918, when the circumstances in Paris became difficult, he went
to Nice in Southern France, but the climate and landscape in Nice
did not interest him, and he
continued painting indoors portraits.
In 1919 he had an exhibition in London, which became a great
success.
Modigliani and Jeanne became parents
of two children, and when Jeanne was pregnant with their 3rd
child, Modigliani died of drinking and illness and two days after
his funeral Jeanne threw herself down from a 5th floor window and
died together with her unborn child.
"You are not alive unless you know you are
living." said a text on the wall of Modigliani's studio. |
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Moholy-Nagy
László
(1895-1946).
Hungarian multiartist - he made e.g. mobiles, collages, lithographs,
set designs, photography and film, and he was a writer, theorist
and professor.
Moholy-Nagy was born in Bácsborsod, at the age of 50 he died of leukaemia
in Chicago.
He studied law until 1915, where he, during his military service,
became engaged in drawing pictures, he created more than 400 drawings
on military postcards - later he became active in Budapest artist
circles, and in 1919 during the political upheaval, he fled to
Berlin and joined the Bauhaus
School. From 1923-28 Moholy-Nagy was professor at
Bauhaus in Weimar and Dessau - he worked together with Walther
Gropius. In
1935 Moholy-Nagy moved to London, and in 1937 to Chicago, invited by the
industrialist and patron of art Walter Paepcke - known in particular as the
founder of the Aspen |
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Institute, 1950.
Paepcke invited him over to be
head of "The
New Bauhaus" - the school's philosophy was on the whole unchanged
from the German Bauhaus. The Chicago school lost its financial support,
and was closed down after one year, however with financial support from
Paepcke, Moholy-Nagy established, together with former New Bauhaus colleagues,
"The School of Design", which in 1944 became "The Institute of
Design".
Moholy-Nagy's experimental art had its basis in the Russian
Constructivism, he made mobiles of glass, steel and aluminium,
and space modulators, three-dimensional painting with mutual varying
colour elements, he was pioneer of American Abstract Art and
Constructivism.
Moholy-Nagy wrote about his modern art theories in "The New Vision", 1928, "Abstract of an Artist"
and "Vision in
Motion", 1947. (Bauhaus,
Functionalism) |
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"Broadway Boogie-Woogie",
1942-1943,
Museum of
Modern Art,
New York
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Mondrian,
Piet (Pieter Cornelis) (1872-1944).
Dutch painter. He was born in
Amersfoort, and he died in New York. From 1892-94 he studied art at the
Rijksakademie in Amsterdam. Mondrian's earliest works were influenced by
Naturalism. In 1909 an exhibition of his work was held at Stedelijk
Museum in Amsterdam, the same year he joined Theosophic Society - a
religious philosophy, spiritual wisdom, based |
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on the belief that
a knowledge of God can be
achieved through intuition, mysticism and divine inspiration.
From 1909-10 he experimented with the pointillist technique, and
in 1911 he began working in a cubistic style. In 1911 in an
Amsterdam art exhibition, he saw Braque
and Picasso
an decided to move to Paris, where he from 1912-14 developed his
own abstract style.
At the outbreak of World War I Mondrian visited the Netherlands,
and was prevented from returning to Paris. During the years of the war
he further reduced his colour scale and forms, and he formulated
the manifesto of Neoplasticism in
his publication "Le
néoplasticisme, 1920, which restricted itself to the three
primary colours (yellow, red, blue) and black and white in the
compositions consisting of verticals and horizontal lines. In his
latest work (the |
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Broadway
Boogie-Woogio-pictures)
he had created some rhythmical effects, his painting was clear and
logical and completely adjusted to the functionalistic
architecture. In 1917 he was one of the founders of the group
De
Stilj and employee of the magazine with the same name.
In 1919 he returned to Paris, where he, together with De Stijl,
exhibited in 1923, he withdrew from the group when van Doesburg
introduced diagonals in his paintings.
In 1925 he published the manifesto "Die Neue Gestaltung"
(The new configuration), Bauhaus
catalogue number 5.
In 1930 he exhibited with Cercle et Carré, and in 1931 he joined
the group Abstraction-Création. In 1939 World War II forced
Mondrian to leave Paris for London, and in 1940 he settled in New
York, where he joined the American abstract artists and continued
publishing writings about Neoplasticism. (De
Stijl/Neoplasticism) |
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Monet,
Claude (1840-1926). French painter. He was born in
Paris and died in Giverny. Monet was one of the most important
Impressionists, the light was his real motif. Early he came in
contact with Renoir
and Sisley.
Monet belonged to the circle of artists, who in the 1860s were
gathered around Manet.
He was absorbed in plain air painting (painting out of doors) and
his wish of depicting atmospheric effects and the passing light-effects
was of vital importance to his art. In the early 1870s he visited
London together with Pissaro,
where he became fascinated and influenced by the paintings of Constable
and Turner.
Monet used small short brushstrokes in his
"light-paintings", which were characterized by diffuse contours
and a varied colour scheme. He painted the same motif several
times to portray different lightings influence of the motif, e.g.
"The Rouen Cathedral", 1894.
His painting from 1873 "Impression-Soleil
Levant" (Sunrise) gave name to the style, it was exhibited at
the first so-called impressionist exhibition in 1874, where the
new style was ridiculed by the critics, and they created the word
Impressionism after Monet's painting. (Impressionism)
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"Women
in the Garden", 1866, Musée
d'Orsay, Paris
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"Waterlilies,
evening effect" c.1897-98 |
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| "Impression-Soleil
Levant" (Sunrise),
1873, Musée Marmottan, Paris |
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"The
Magpie", 1869, Musée
d'Orsay, Paris |
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| Moore,
Henry Spencer (1898-1986).
British sculptor of large-scale sculptures, influenced by Constantin
Brancusi and Jacob Epstein. Moore was born in
Castleford, Yorkshire and he died in Much Hadham,
Hertfordshire. Moore started his career teaching at Castleford Grammar School,
although he wanted to became a sculptor. After completed military service
during World War I he briefly returned to his teaching job, he
received a grant for ex-soldiers and studied for two years at
Leeds School of Art. In 1921 he received a scholarship to study at
the Royal Academy of Arts in
London, during this time visits to the British Museum aroused his interest
in Mexican, Egyptian and African sculptures. From 1924-31 he
taught in the art of sculpture at the Royal Academy. In 1925 he
traveled to Paris, Rom, Florence and Ravenna - later he traveled
to Spain, the USA, Italy, Greece and France. In 1928 his first
solo exhibition was held at Warren Gallery in London. In 1919 he
married the painting student Irina Radetzky. In the 1930s Moore
was member of the art movement "Unit One", founded by
Paul Nash, the British Modernism's pioneer - Barbara Hepworth and
the critics Herbert Read were also members of art movement. |
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1932-39 Moore taught at Chelsea School of Art, he war an essential
figure in the Surrealist Movement in England, though he not fully
complied with the manifestos. In 1940 Moore was
appointed an official war artist by
the War Artists Advisory |
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Committee, he was commissioned to execute drawings of
first and foremost people sleeping in London's Tube - the
drawings brought him international fame particularly in the
USA, his war drawings is reproduced in the catalogue: "Henry Moore, Volume 3, Complete
Drawings 1940-49", Published in association with The Henry Moore
Foundation. From 1940-43 Moore devoted all his energy to
drawings. In 1941 his first retrospective was held in Temple
Newsam in Leeds. In 1943 he was commissioned to execute a Madonna Child
Sculpture for St. Matthew's Church in Northampton - the
sculpture group was the first in a series of groups. In 1946
the first big retrospective exhibition abroad was held at
Museum of Modern Art in New York. In 1948 he won the
International Sculpture Prize at the Venice Biennale, and in
1953 he was first-prize winner at the Sao Paulo Biennale in
Brazil.
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In
the 1950s Moore executed several important officials
commissions, among them "Reclining figure" made for UNESCO Headquarters in Paris. In 1963 he
was awarded the
British Order of Merit. In 1978 the
Arts Council of Great Britain arranged an exhibition of his works in Serpentine
Gallery in London, on that occasion Moore donated many of
his sculptures to Tate Gallery in London.
(Abstract) |
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Bronze
sculptures, Lincoln Center, New York.
Photos: Kirsten Petersen
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Bronze
sculpture, Lincoln Center, New York |
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Wood
sculpture, Metropolitan Museum of
Art, New York |
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Bronze
sculpture,
National Gallery
of Art, Washington D.C.
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Mortensen,
Richard (1910-1993). Danish painter. (Abstract)
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"Nonfigurative",
1969 |
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Trapholt,
Museum of Modern Danish Art, Applied Arts and Furniture
Design, Kolding, Jutland |
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"Triptychon".
Exhibition of haute couture by
Erik
Mortensen, (The house of Pierre
Balmain), August
1989, at North
Jutlands Museum of Art, Aalborg, Denmark |
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Mucha,
Alphonse (1860-1939). Czech painter, poster artist and designer. He
was born in
Ivancice in South Moravia,
and he died in Prague. At the age of 19 he moved to Vienna, where he
worked as scene painter, and at the age of 25 he began studying art at the
Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, his patron was count Khuen-Belassi,
for whom he two years earlier had executed
decorations at his palace at Emmahof in Austria. In 1887 Mucha moved
to Paris, where he studied art at Académie
Julian. In 1894 he created his first poster for the French actress
Sarah
Bernhardt, The Divine Sarah (1844-1923), which brought him immediate
fame and resulted in a six-year contract with the much-admired actress
at that time - he was commissioned to create posters, costumes and set designs.
In 1897 his first solo exhibition was held at the Bodiniére Gallery
in Paris. From 1900-01 Mucha created the interior of the French jeweller Georges
Fouquet's shop - Fouquet also produced jewellery designed by Mucha. In Prague
in 1910 Mucha began his series of large sized history paintings,
The Slav Epic, illustrating the history of his homeland from prehistoric
time till the 19th century - 20 paintings were presented to the city of
Prague in 1928. In 1918 Czechoslovakia was founded after the dissolution
of the Austro-Hungarian Empire - Mucha designed
stamps and bank notes. In 1921 he exhibited at Brooklyn Museum in New
York. In 1931 he was commissioned to design stained glass windows for the
St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague.
Mucha's style was popular although not an innovative style, however he was considered
to be a influential person, influential enough to be one of the first to
be arrested, when the German Army invaded Czechoslovakia in 1939, he died shortly after
being questioned by the Gestapo.
The world's first Mucha Museum is housed in the Baroque palace Kaunicky
in Prague. (Jugendstyle)
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"Byzantine head,
The Brunette",
1897 |
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Mueck,
Ron (1958). Australian
sculptor, he now lives and works in London. Mueck
was born in Melbourne, Victoria, his parents were
both toy makers. Before he in London in the mid
1990s established as a sculptor, he had a career
as professional puppet-maker and puppeteer for
children's television programme and film e.g. the
film "Labyrinth", 1986, where Mueck was
the voice of Ludo. "Labyrinth" was made
by the world famous American puppeteer Jim Henson
(he created the muppets in 1969).
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Mueck
established his own firm in London,
where he created props and
animatronics, the props were
designed to be photographed from a
specific angle to hide the
structure, however Mueck
became more and more engaged in
creating realistic sculptures - a
sculpture is any three-dimensional
form created as an artistic
expression, it is e.g. carved,
modeled or constructed, it has no
reverse side (like e.g. a relief
has), it can be viewed from all
sides and angles. Mueck turned
to art full time in 1996 at the
instigation of his mother-in-law,
the Portuguese painter Paula Rego,
she introduced him to Charles
Saatchi, and Mueck made his name at
the exhibition "Sensation:
Works from the Saatchi
Collection" with his "Dead
Dad",
(his father's corpse), 1996-97,
silicone and acrylic paint - later
Mueck preferred to use fibre-glass.
Mueck's sculptures are accurate
representations of the human body
often oversized ("Dead
Dad" is undersized). His almost
five metres high sculpture "Boy",
2000,
belongs to ARoS Aarhus Museum of
Art, Denmark. "Boy" is the
landmark of ARoS. The sculpture was
exhibited in 2000 in London's
Millennium Dome, and Mueck
participated with "Boy" at
the Venice Biennale 2001. The Art
Museum ARoS was inaugurated May 7th
2004 by HM Queen Margrethe 2.
(Hyper
Realism)
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"The
Dance of life", 1899-1900, the
National Gallery, Oslo. |
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Munch,
Edvard (1863-1944).
Norwegian painter and printmaker -
he translated many of his paintings
into, lithography, etching and
woodcut. Munch was born in Loeten,
Norway. He spent his childhood in
Kristiania (today Oslo). At an early
age Munch lost his mother, brother
and one of his sisters, they died of
tuberculosis.
The Norwegian realist and Skagen
painter
Christian Krogh was his first art
teacher, and his early paintings
were realist paintings. In his later
paintings Munch was chiefly
concerned with his own existential
drama, his anxiety - themes of life,
love, fear, death and melancholy -
as a psychological consequence of
the traumatic events earlier in
life. Munch: "Without anxiety
and illness I should have been like
a ship without a rudder" (from
Ragna Stang's book about Munch
"The Man and The Artist",
New York, Abbeville, 1979). "The
Scream",
1893, his world-famous masterpiece
was regarded as an icon of
existential anxiety. |
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He
made four versions of
"The Scream". In august
2004 "The Scream" and
"Madonna" were stolen from
the Munch Museum in Oslo. His
intense, evocative treatment of
psychological anguish was a major
influence on the development of
German Expressionism.
He was influenced by the Nabis (a
group of French Symbolist painters,
active during the 1890s.) and the
Post-Impressionists, Henri
de Toulouse-Lautrec,
Paul
Gauguin
and Vincent
van Gogh.
Edvard Munch spent several years in
Berlin and Paris, after 1909 he
returned permanently to Norway. (Symbolism)
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Selected
works:
"The
Sick Child", 1886,
portrait of his deceased sister
Sophie. The National Gallery, Oslo,
Norway.
"The
Frieze of Life", in
the 1890s Munch created a series of
painting dealt with love, illness
and dead, the so-called Frieze of
Life.
"The
Scream", 1893, the
National Gallery, Oslo, Norway.
"The Scream", 1894 (?),
the Munch Museum, Oslo, Norway.
"Vampire",
1893-94, the Munch Museum, Oslo,
Norway.
"Madonna",
1894-95, the Munch Museum, Oslo,
Norway.
"The
Night Wanderer, self-portrait",
1923-24, the Munch Museum, Oslo,
Norway.
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"Self-Portrait with Skeleton Arm",
1895,
Oslo Municipality, Art
Collection
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"Girls
on the Bridge",
1920 (Woodcut) |
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Andy
Warhol made his versions of Munch's "Self-Portrait
with Skeleton Arm" and "Madonna" in 1983
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"The
Lonely Ones", 1899, The
copperplate
cabinet in Berlin |
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"Human
Wall " 1982,
National Gallery, Copenhagen, Denmark |
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Noergaard,
Bjoern (1947) Danish artist, (sculptor, happenings).
Educated in 1964 at The Experimental Artschool in
Copenhagen, the so-called Eks-school. Professor of sculpture
at the Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen. He expresses
himself through many materials and techniques. In the 1960s
he became known by the staging of art happenings as
"Naked Female Christ" and "The Sacrifice of
the Horse".
The photos are used with permission of the artist
Bjoern
Noergaard |
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1. |
Altar
in Knebel Church,
Denmark 2001 Photo: Kirsten Petersen |
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Altar
in Knebel Church,
Denmark 2001 Photo: Kirsten Petersen |
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Knebel
Church Denmark Photo: Kirsten Petersen |
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"Human
Wall " 1982,
National Gallery,
Copenhagen, Denmark |
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"Tower
of Thor",
1986, High Taastrup Station,
Denmark |
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The
Danish Parliament, 1993, Copenhagen, Denmark |
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"City
Gate Randers", 1994, Randers,
Denmark |
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"Paradise
Genetically Altered", 2000,
Hannover, Germany |
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The first time Noergaard had made use of textiles and weaving was
when he designed the sketches for
HM the Queen's tapestries
in the The Royal Reception Rooms at Christiansborg Palace, 2000 - a
tapestry project describing 1000 years of Danish history - from the Viking Age and up to modern time.
The
photos are used with permission of Slots-
og Ejendomsstyrelsen
and the Lord
Chamberlain's Office
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The Royal Reception
Room |
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"The
Early Middle Ages" |
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"The
Late Middle Ages" |
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"The
Future"
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Noergaard's
Venus Statues, The Danish
National Gallery, Copenhagen
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"Venus
of Milo",
ancient Greek marble statue, 130 BC,
Louvre, Paris. The statue was found
in two pieces in 1820 on the Aegean
island of Melos/Milo by a peasant
named Yorgos.
"Venus of Willendorf",
Museum of Natural History, Vienna.
The 25.000 years old statuette was
found on August 7th, 1908, near
Willendorf, Austria
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sculpture "Apocalypse",
executed by Noergaard in 2002. Waterbassin
designed by Hanne Keis 1994. Aarhus
Business College. |
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Noguchi, Isamu (1904-1988).
Japanese-American artist. Born in Los Angeles, died in New York
City. His mother Leonie Gilmour was an American writer and his
father, Yonejiro Noguchi, a Japanese poet, his parents were divorced
in 1913, he was reunited with his father as late as in 1931. In
1922 he moved to New York and began studying medicine at Columbia
University. The following year, his mother returned to USA after
17 years in Japan, and encouraged her son to take an evening
sculpture class, which he did, and after just three month, he was
given his first exhibition and left the university. In 1927 he received
the John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship and traveled to Paris and the
far East. In Paris he was introduced to the Romanian
sculptor and furniture-designer Constantin Brancusi and became his
assistant for several month, afterwards he got his own studio in
Paris, where he worked on e.g. abstract sculptures. In 1928 he
returned to New York and made his living by sculpturing portraits.
In 1920 he traveled to Peking for seven moth studying brush
and ink technique.
Noguchi made simple
nonfigurative sculptures in stone and wood, furniture, rice paper
lamps and landscape-projects. "Hiroshima",
1952, a memorial for the atomic-bomb victims
in 1945.
The stone gardens for
UNESCO Headquarters,
1956-58. "Isamu Noguchi Garden
Museum" Long Island City opened in 1961. (Abstract)
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"Dancing
Couple"
watercolour,
1910, Emil
Nolde museum in
Seebuell, near the
Danish border. |
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Nolde,
Emil (1867-1956). German Painter (née
Hansen) born in Nolde in the Toender Marsh in the Danish Wadden Sea
Region. Nolde
was educated as a draughtsman and in the art of woodcarving in
Flensborg, Germany, and from 1892-97
he taught at the School of Arts and Crafts in St. Gallen. From 1892-98
he studied in Paris, Munich and Copenhagen. In 1902 he married the actress
Ada Vilstrup and changed his last name to that of his native
town. He was a member of the German art movement Die Brücke (The Bridge)
until 1907. From 1913-14, as a member of the German New Guinea Expedition,
he visited, as ethnological draughtsman, the German colonies in the Pacific,
he hated the imperialists and their suppression of people's freedom and
democracy - the journey to
the South Seas was via Moscow, Siberia, Japan and China - later he
traveled in Europe (France, |
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Spain, Italy and England).
In 1934 the Nazis confiscated more than 1000 of his works, 39 of his
paintings were exhibited at "Entartete Kunst" in Munich in
1937. In 1941 Nolde was forbidden to paint, and he painted his watercolours the
so-called
"Ungemalte Bilder" (Unpainted Pictures), which he hide from the
Nazi censors under the carpets in his home. I 1946, the year Ada died, he was appointed professor
by the Schleswig Holstein Government.
Nolde's early works were influenced by the pure colors of the
Neo-Impressionists, his expressionistic paintings have relationship to
the works of Jens Soendergaard and Olivia Holm Moeller. Nolde is best
known for his unconventional religious paintings and watercolors, from
1911 he involved Indian art in his compositions.
A plebiscite in 1920 led to the reunion of
North Schleswig with Denmark, and Nolde became
Danish citizen.
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Oldenburg,
Claes Thure (1929).
Swedish-born American Pop Sculptor. He was educated at Yale
University and Art Institute of Chicago. He wanted the spectators to
rediscover everyday objects, and was best known for his sculptures
of big format in soft materials e.g. "Floor
Burger",
1962, "The Dropped Cone", placed at the tower of the
Neumarkt Galerie, Cologne, his wall reliefs and three
dimensional plaster objects based on e.g. ice-creams and pastries.
(Pop Art,
Happenings)
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"Pastry-case 1",
1961-62, MoMA, The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Photos:
Kirsten Petersen |
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"Profile Airflow",
1969. MoMa, The Museum of Modern Art, New York. |
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"Trowel",
1971-76,
Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, Otterlo, the Netherlands |
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