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Aarhus
Cathedral
(c1200-1500)
was founded by bishop Peder Vognsen, it was dedicated to
Saint Clemens, patron saint of sailors. The Roman church was finished c
1300. In 1330 the church burned, and was rebuilt from the late 14th
century to the early 16th century in Gothic style.
Bernt Notke (c1440-1509), German wood carver, executed the
altarpiece,
a pentaptych (altarpiece consisting
of a centerpiece and double folding wings), it was
a donation given to the church by
bishop Jens Iversen Lange inaugurated in 1497 and restored from 1975-81. |
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The pentaptych has three positions
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Aarhus
Cathedral (St Clemens Cathedral), Bispetorv.
Equestrian Statue of King Christian X (1912-47) executed
by the Danish sculptor Helen Skou in
naturalistic/classicistic style, the plinth is made by
Kay Fisker. |
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Portal
porch/naves. |
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Nave,
High Choir and altarpiece. |
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The Baptismal Font, 1481,
executed by Peter Hansen, Flensborg, Germany. The
4 evangelists-figures carry the font. |
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Chandelier. |
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24-hour clock with
Evangelist
symbols
in the corners. |
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Meeting room. |
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The
Main Organ, Baroque style from 1730, by the German
organ builder Lambert Daniel Carstens. The biggest organ
in Denmark - renovated several times. |
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Choir
Organ from 1970 built by Bruno Christensen & Sønner. |
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Choir
chairs. |
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Seven-branched candlestick, 1515,
casted in Lübeck by Didrick Kron. |
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The
church's replica of the sailing ship
"Unity", 1720. |
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Christ
as World Ruler. |
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The leper window, the 14th century,
built close to the ground so the lepers
could see what was going on during
services without infecting those on the
inside. |
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St. George and the Dragon,
1497. St. George martyr, patron of England. In the cave behind the big
dragon is the dragon's child, symbolizing the undying
struggle between the good and evil.
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The
Archangel Michael weighs the souls on Judgment Day.
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"Mercy
Seat" God the Father on his throne. In his
hands he holds the cross with the body of his
sacrificed son. Above the head of Christ is a
dove, a symbol of the Holy Spirit -
the mural represent the Holy Trinity. |
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The Rosary
Madonna. Mary, Mother of God and Queen of Heaven.
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The
fabulous monster, "Crane-neck"
symbolized vanity.
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Mermaid. |
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The
Miraculous Mass of Pope St Gregory the Great. |
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Wall and Ceiling
Decorations. |
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The
pulpit executed by the Belgian carver Michael van
Groningen, 1588. |
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The
Fall. |
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The
Annunciation.
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The
birth of Jesus. |
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The last supper.
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The Crucifixion, to the left
Virgin Mary, to the right the apostle John. |
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Judgment Day.
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Aarhus
Church of Our Lady and The Abbey Church.
Our Lady's Church is placed in the south wing of the
four-winged monastery, the church was built by Dominican
monks aka Friars and Black Friars - they were clothed in
black.
The monastery supposed to had been founded in 1227, it
was mentioned for the first time in written documents
from 1246. St Nicolai Church was the church, which was
handed over to the Dominicans, the church's crypt was
excavated in 1955-57, that made it possible to establish, that the
church date back to c1060. St. Nicolai Church was the
diocese's cathedral until the present Aarhus Cathedral
was
inaugurated c1200. After the Reformation the crypt
was demolished, it was reinaugurated in 1957 after being
restored.
The present Church of Our Lady is a five-bay longhouse,
c1400 the nave was renewed, the southern aisle dated
back to the Late Middle Ages just as the church tower to
the east of the sacristy - in the late 1600s the tower
was given an onion shaped cupola with a lantern. The
eldest part of the church is the choir, it was built of
same width as the crypt's nave, and was a single
navedlonghouse church. The late Gothic wing altar (Danish
Mannerism)
was influenced by Claus Berg's altarpiece in St Knud's
Church, Odense, and executed c1530 at Berg's workshop in
Odense. The altar consists of a central panel showing the
Crucifixion scene and a left and right panel containing
carvings of the 12 apostles, the predella pictures below the
panels are showing images
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of saints. Several figures in the Crucifixion scene are long-limbed
distorted human figures. The figure of Jesus Christ is
hanging on the Latin cross, the two robbers on a T-shaped
cross. Jesus Christ is long and thin wearing the crown of
thorns and dressed in a loincloth. The scene shows a chaotic
crowd of black and white people who fight, people in
mourning, people in prayer. To the left is a skull (=
Memento Mori, remember the dead), to the right is a lamb (= Agnus Dei, the Lamb of God). Angels holding chalices are
ready to pick the blood of Christ.
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Nave,
choir, and stairs leading down to the
crypt-church. |
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The
medieval crypt-church below the Church of Our
Lady was discovered in the 1950s, restored and
reopened in 1957.
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The
organ was built by Frederiksborg Orgelbyggeri,
Hilleroed, North Zealand in 1962 and later
restored and rebuilt. |
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The
pulpit, 1598. |
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Baptismal font , c.1625. |
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Epitaphs. |
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Crucifix.
INRI
means Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum, (Jesus of
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Crucifix
- Reverse Side. John's Revelation 22:12-14
and 20-21:
"Behold,
I am coming soon, bringing my recompense with
me, to repay everyone for what he has done.
I am the Alpha and the Omega,
the first and the last, the beginning and the
end." Blessed
are those who wash their robes,so
that they may have the right to the tree of life
and that they may enter the city by the gates.
"He who testifies to these things says, "Surely
I am coming soon." Amen. Come, Lord
Jesus! The grace of
the Lord Jesus be with all.Amen."
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The
late Gothic wing altar (Danish Mannerism)
influenced by Claus Berg's altarpiece in St
Knud's Church, Odense (the native town of the
world famous writer H.C. Andersen) and executed
at Berg's workshop in Odense c. 1530. Click
here to see a large picture of the altarpiece.
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Our
Lady's Church, main portal. |
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Our Lady's Church in the
south wing of the four-winged monastery, the church
was built by Dominican monks. |
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Water
Sculpture in front of Our Lady's Church executed by
Jens Flemming Soerensen. |
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The
Monastery of Our Lady - elderly people's homes. |
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The
cloister garth. |
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Epitaphs. |
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The
Abbey Church. |
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Stained
glass painting created by the Danish multiartist
Per
Kirkeby
in 2001. |
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The
Organ, 2003, executed by the organ builder Anders
Havgaard Rasmussen. |
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The
pulpit executed by Per Kristensen. |
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The
font executed by Per Kristensen. |
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God
on His Throne surrounded by Christ, Virgin
Mary and angels, c. 1500. |
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The
Three Magi. |
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Interior. |
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Modern
Wood Sculpture. |
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Amiens
Cathedral, (1220-88),
Notre-Dame Cathedral in
Amiens, a city in Northern France, the capital city of the Somme
Département. The cathedral was one of the
largest Gothic |
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churches of the
13th century, erected on the plans of Robert de Luzarches (Robert of Luzarches) - the old
cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1218 and Bishop Evrard de
Fouilloy had it rebuilt in Gothic style. An now removed
inscription made on the floor in 1288 testified that the
building activities had begun in 1220, and named Robert of Luzarches as the architect, and as his successors, Thomas de
Cormont.
The cathedral of Notre-Dame at Amiens was a masterpiece of
Gothic architecture, it represented the height of Gothic
engineering, it was celebrated for the stone carvings on its
Western portals, its statues, the stained glass windows of
the clerestory and the labyrinth and other inlays of its
floor.
Amiens Cathedral was added to UNESCO's World Heritage
List in 1981. (Gothic) |
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Brunelleschi, Filippo
(1377-1446). Florentine sculptor and architect, he
designed the dome of the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore,
Florence, 1420-36,
his absolute masterpiece. |
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Cologne
Cathedral, Germany, (1248-1880) - the cathedral St. Peter and Mary, the first
Gothic Cathedral in the Rhineland, influenced by French Gothic
Architecture. Germany's largest Cathedral, five-aisled basilica with
triple-aisled transept.
Interior: The first monumental crucifix in Northern Europe, a splendid
example of Ottonian art, ascribed to Gero and dated around the year 970.
Altar painting of the city's patron saints by Stephan Lochner (around
1450).
The cathedral was a sepulchral church of the Three Magi (Balthasar,
Melchior and Caspar). The church became a pilgrimage church because of
The Golden shrine containing their bones. (Gothic)
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The Royal Wedding
between HRH Crown Prince Frederik and Mary
Elizabeth Donaldson took place on May 14 2004 at
Copenhagen Cathedral/The Church of Our Lady.
Royal
Families on Stamps |
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Invalides
Paris,
Church
of the (The Church Saint
Louis des Invalides). Les Invalides were built in the 17th century to treat wounded
soldiers. The church Saint Louis des Invalides and its massive
Dôme were completed in 1735. At that time they were considered as
the most beautiful church in Paris. The ashes of Napoleon were
relocated in this building in 1861. |
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Kalundborg,
Church of Our Lady, 1170-90, Zealand, Denmark.
The unique five-towered church was, according to tradition,
built by Ingeborg, the daughter of Kalundborg's founder Esbern
Snare
Hvide (1127-1204).
The ground plan of the red brick church was
the Greek cross with four arms of equal length, in the end of the four
crossarms towers were built, the fifth tower was centrally placed. The
church's castle-like appearance should suggest the heavenly Jerusalem -
the people of the Middle Ages imagined that the heavenly Jerusalem was a
fortified town with five towers.
The altarpiece, originally unpainted, was executed in Baroque style in
1650 by the Danish carver Lorentz Joergensen
and donated to the church by the daughter of king Christian 4. Elisabeth
Augusta and her husband Hans Lindenow (1616-59), who was vassal of Kalundborg
Castle. The altarpiece showed a series of Bible stories e.g.: the Birth
of Christ, the Last Supper, the Crucifixion of Christ and the Ascension
of Christ.
Hans Lindenow was said to be a Christmas Ghost, who drove through
the streets of Kalundborg with his head under his arm.
The granite font from the 13th century was probably executed by the
stonemaster of the noble family Hvide.
(Romanesque)
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Mont
Saint-Michel, Le
- built as a medieval castle on a rocky islet close to the coast of Normandy,
France, famous for its Benedictine abbey. A causeway leads to the islet
- the islet is about one
kilometer in diameter and about 80 meters high. The tides are among the
greatest in France, with a swing of up to 15 meters between the high and low
water marks. Before the causeway was built in 1880, many pilgrims lost
their life in the tidal area with its dangerous quicksand.
In the early 8th century the Archangel Michael appeared to Bishop
Aubert of Avrangess and told him to built a chapel and name it
Michael/Michel after him.
The first chapel was founded in 708.
About 966 Richard the Fearless, third Duke of Normandy, finding the community in a relaxed condition, installed Benedictines from Monte
Cassino at Mont-St-Michel. In 1017 Abbot Hildebert II began the colossal scheme of buildings all
round the rock which should form a huge platform level with the summit,
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abbey church
might stand. In spite of enormous difficulties
e.g. fire and collapses, the great scheme was
persevered in during five centuries and crowned
by the completion of the choir in 1520.
At the revolution the monks were ejected and the building became a
prison for political offenders while, the name of the place was changed
from Mont St-Michel to Mont Libre (Liberty Mountain). In 1874 the French
government assumed responsibility for the abbey's upkeep and restoration.
Mont Saint Michel is looked up on as one of the wonders of the world -
and it also became
a symbol of the allied landing in Normandy during the Second World War. (Gothic)
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Murals
- Danish murals. Drawings by Svend
Havsteen Mikkelsen and Alan Havsteen-Mikkelsen, engraved
by Czeslaw Slania. 1973. |
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Tirsted
church on the island
Lolland: Queen
Esther and King Xerxes (c. 1400).
Xerxes I was a Persian king (reigned 485-465 BC). In the Bible
in the "Book of Esther", Xerxes is mentioned by the
name of Ahasuerus. Esther was chosen as his queen. The
"Book of Esther" recounts the story of a Jewish
Queen, Esther, who saved her people from a planned anti-Jewish
plot to kill all the Jews in only one day.
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Biersted
church in the
north of Jutland: Jesus
Christ crowned with thorns and carrying the cross
(c. 1400). The crooked shoulders of Christ were a result of
his heavy burden. As Jesus was carrying his cross out of
Jerusalem to Golgata, a man named Simon of Cyrene (The
Cross-Bearer) was coming in and the soldiers compelled him to
carry the cross of Jesus.
"As they were going out, they met a man from Cyrene,
named Simon and they forced him to carry the cross."
(Matthew 27:32). The size of Simon of Cyrene in the mural,
describes him as "The little Man". |
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Jetsmark
church
in the north of Jutland:
Herod the Great, King of Judea with his soldiers (c.1474) bearing
crossbows and long spurs questioning a peasant, harvesting
with a sickle, if he had seen the fleeing Mary with the Infant
Jesus. Herod is best known for brutally ordering the slaughter
of male infants and children in Bethlehem during the time of
the birth of Jesus - Herod's slaughter of the innocents.
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Fanefjord
church on the island Moen:
The
creation of Eve (c. 1480). According to the Book
of Genesis of the Bible Adam's mate Eve was either created
from his rib or created at the same time as Adam. (Gen.
2.21-22), (Gen. 1.27).
"Then The Lord God said, "It is not good that the
man should be alone; I will make him a helper fit for
him." (Genesis 2.18)
"So The Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the
man, and while he slept took one of his ribs and closed up its
place with flesh; and the rib which The Lord God had taken
from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man.
Then the man said, "This at last is bone of my bones and
flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was
taken out of Man." (Genesis 2.21-23) |
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The
devil and gossips (c. 1480). The
conversation between female churchgoers
is written down by the
devil, if the churchgoers regretted, his notes would be
erased.
The devil was a Gothic mural motif, mainly placed in the
north-facing distaff side. The devil urged to intimate
relations. His notes were meant to be applied at the Day of
Judgment. From about the middle of the 16th
century, the first
Danish witch trial was executed, the witched were assumed be
allied to the devil. (Gothic)
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Oesterlars
Round Church,
c.1160, on the
Isle of Bornholm, Denmark. The church was used both
as a place of worship and for protection against enemies from the sea.
The three storyed church was 17 meters in diameter. Access to the
upper floors was by a narrow staircase in the thick wall of granite
boulder. The buttresses was added later when the walls begun to lean
because of the huge weight. All around the center pier was a great
fresco made in the late 1300's, the most important fresco in Danish
medieval painting, it was uncovered in 1890. The altar was from 1605,
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artist Poul Hoem. Oesterlars was dedicated to the Saint Lawrence, the
patron saint of librarians - one of the seven deacons of Rome, where he
was martyred in 258. According to legend, he was roasted to death on a
grid, but it is more likely that he was beheaded. His feast day is
August 10 and his symbol is a gridiron. The church is the most famous and largest of the four round churches of
Bornholm. (Romanesque)
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Pisa,
the Leaning Tower of. 1173. The tower is the bell tower of the
Cathedral of Pisa. Its construction began in 1173 and continued for
about two hundred years. The architect of the tower is unknown. The
tower started to lean during its construction. (Romanesque)
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here
to see full size image |
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The Reformed
Church, 1688-89, Copenhagen, Denmark
Click
here
to see full size image
The Reformed Church on stamps
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Reformed
Church, the, (German-French)
in Copenhagen, Denmark (1688-89). The church was built at the request of
queen Charlotte Amalie of Denmark, the wife of King Christian 5. The
queen came from Hesse-Cassel in Germany and belonged to the German
Calvinistic church (after the French-born Johannes/Jean Calvin (1509-64)
- the Swiss reformers, Johannes Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli, were inspired
by the German Martin Luther). The Reformed Religion was forbidden in
Denmark, the queens efforts for her co-religionist from Germany, the Netherlands
and France (many Huguenots, French Protestants, fled to surrounding
Protestant countries) legalized the religion.
The Calvinistic doctrine differ from the Danish Lutheran Church e.g. the
church service and the internal arrangement of the church building - the
pulpit, carved by F. Ehbisch, was central placed, the preaching of the
word of God was the most essential, decorations such as paintings,
frescoes and sculptures were distracting elements.
The architect of the church, was presumably the Dutch sculptor Hendrik
Brokham. During the Copenhagen conflagration of 1728 most of the church
furnishings perished, which is why almost all the present ones date from
about 1730. (Baroque) |
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Ribe
Cathedral, The Church of
Our Lady, c. 1130-60
Jutland, Denmark. In the Viking Age and the Early Middle Ages Ribe was one of Denmark's most important commercial
towns with a big harbour and connections to all of Europe. About 950
Ribe became the first Danish episcopal residence. Ribe Cathedral was begun about 1150 - influenced by the churches of the
Rhineland. The church was built of
German volcanic tuff and sandstone, and was characterized by its two very different west
towers - originally the towers were identically, in 1283 the northern tower
collapsed, it was rebuilt
in brick. In 1594 the tower collapsed again and the rebuilt tower is the
present tower, which served as the town's watchtower and housed the
flood warning bells. The medieval interior of the church were the font, brass candelabra and a sculpture group of
St. George and the dragon - the pulpit of Renaissance style (1596) was executed by the Danish carver Jens
Asmussen. The decorations of the apse, 1982-87, (murals, mosaics and
stained glass paintings),
were carried out by the Cobra artist Carl-Henning
Pedersen. (Romanesque)
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Roskilde
Cathedral, Zealand, Denmark, c.1170-1280,
the mausoleum of the Danish royal family since the 15th century. The first church of Roskilde was built in wood by Harold Bluetooth
(Harald Blaatand, 911-c.985, the son of King Gorm the Old of Denmark and
of Thyra). In the 11th century King Canute's (Knud's) sister Estrid
replaced the wooden church with a church built of stone. In 1080 a new
church built by the bishop Svend Nordmand was inaugurated - a
three-naved
basilica and a high tower in the west, and on the north side was built a
three-winged monastery. In the 12th century (c.1170) Roskilde
Cathedral was rebuilt in brick, the archbishop of Zealand Absalon
(1128-1201) commissioned the church-project
- two-storeys high, with a gallery behind the
chancel, a tower on each side of the chancel and three-naved
transepts.
The builder was influenced by the cathedrals of Northern France
e.g. the cathedrals of Tournai og Arras. The chancel was divided into three sections - the high chancel, the
canon's chancel and the lectorium. The choir stalls (44 oak-chairs) were
formed in a U-shape around Queen Margrete's 1. sarcophagus, the reliefs
above the chairs started with Creation and ended with the Day of
Judgment,
the reliefs on the southern side showed stories from the Old Testament,
and the reliefs on the northern side stories
from the New Testament. The three-winged altarpieces in
Renaissance Style were executed in Antwerp c.1560. During the Middle Ages a number of chapels were built beside or in the
Cathedral. After the Middle Ages, some of them were demolished and
others were bought by nobles and converted into sepulchres.
Queen Margrete 1 (1353-1412) has been buried at Soroe Abbey in 1412 but
her remains were transferred to Roskilde in 1413 - in Roskilde Cathedral
Museum a |
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copy of the Queen's
Golden Gown is exhibited. A row of markings have been made on a granite
column, The King's Column, in the Chapel of the Magi - indicating the
height of royal and princely visitors
e.g. Pjotr
the Great of Russia and the present queen Margrethe
2.
Among the royal tombs in the cathedral is Christian
4.'s,
executed in 1615-20 by the brothers Lorenz and Hans van Steenwinckel the
Younger - the mural paintings was made by Vilhelm Marstrand in 1866.
In
1985 Frederik 9.'s coffin was transferred to a newly built royal tomb
outside the cathedral and in 2000 his wife queen Ingrid was buried at her
husband's side - the king and queen were the parents of queen Margrethe
2.
During a restoration in 1968 a part of the roof and loft burned, and Queen
Margrete's spire collapsed.
In 1995, the Cathedral was added to UNESCO's list of the world's most
precious cultural assets. (Romanesque)
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St.
Peters Basilica
in Rome
(Basilica di San
Pietro),
1506-1626.
The cathedral was built in honor of St. Peter and was placed where his
grave thought to be - the chief apostle was buried in 64 AD.
The cross keys were a traditional symbol of St. Peter. Jesus told
the apostle Peter, that he would give him the keys to the Kingdom
of Heaven, he became the holder of the
key-power - the power to open and shut, tie and loose.
The present church replaced Konstantin's Basilica from 326-the early
1600s. The initiative to renew the old church was taken in 1450 by the first
great Renaissance pope Nicolaus V (1447-1455) after advice from L.B.
Alberti and B. Rossellino, nothing happened before Julius II became
pope. Bramante was chosen as architect on April 18, 1506, and the
foundation stone of the present church was laid in the Veronica
pillar by pope Julius II. |
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Pope Julius II had decided to built a church in which to express the
greatness and power of the Roman Church. |
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The
new St. Peters Basilica should be the largest church in Christendom, |
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a majestic
frame around the grave of the apostle Peter, |
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and
a testimony to
the grandeur of the Roman Catholic church. |
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The
interior should be dominated
by Julius II's sepulchral monument executed by
Michelangelo,
an idea that never became a reality. |
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The church was planned and executed by Michelangelo Buonarrotti, Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Carlo
Maderno. Originally the new
church was in Renaissance Style, when it was finished it was a Baroque
church - Baroque church architecture was born with St. Peters Basilica.
Bernini was responsible for the majority of the baroque interior
e.g. the tabernacle, the high altar, 1624-33 and St.
Peter's Square and the colonnade. St. Peters Basilica was inaugurated in
1626, The Roman Catholic Church is the world's largest Christian Church. (Baroque) |
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St.
Peters Basilica, 1506-1626, is located
in the independent state of Vatican
City. The Vatican State is surrounded by
the city of Rome. |
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The
Swiss Guards.
Since 1506 when pope Julius II invited
Helvetian soldiers to join the Vatican
army, they have been the guards of the
Vatican and the pope. All entrants to
the army must be Swiss Catholic.
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St
Peter, statue on the balustrade by
Guiseppe De Fabris. Peter is holding a
key in his right hand, in his left hand
he is holding a scroll.
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Pietro
Perugino, "The Delivery of the
Keys", 1482, Fresco. Sistine Chapel. |
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St. Peters
Basilica, the obelisk and the colonnade. The
basilica's dome, designed by Michelangelo is the
largest dome in the world. |
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The
crossed keys, the traditional symbol
of St. Peter. |
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Pope
Benedict XVI. The
dean of the College of Cardinals, the German
cardinal Josef Ratzinger
was on April 19, 2005 named as Pope Benedict XVI. |
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