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KUNSTEN - Museum
of Modern Art Aalborg, 1968-72, designed by Alvar Aalto, Elissa Aalto and Jean-Jacques
Baruël. |
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Aalto,
Hugo
Alvar
Henrik (1898-1976). Finnish architect, glass
artist and designer, a central figure in international modernism. He was
born in Kuortane and he died in Helsinki. Aalto entered the Helsinki
Polytechnic in 1916. |
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After having executed several buildings for the 1922
Industrial Exhibition in Tampere, Aalto established in 1923 his own drawing office
in Jyväskylä. In 1924 he married the architect Aino Marsio, she died in
1949, and he remarried to the architect Elissa Makiniemi. In 1927 Alvar
Aalto won the competition for the Southwestern Agricultural
Cooperative
Building and
moved his office to Turku on
the southwest coast |
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of Finland,
where he lived and worked until 1933 where he left for Helsinki. From
1946-48 Aalto was named an adjunct professor of architecture at MIT
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology). From 1963-68 he was elected
President of the Academy of Finland. His early work was influenced by the Neo-Classical Style - to generate his
plans and forms he found new sources of inspiration in
Bauhaus and
Le
Corbusier.
The surroundings and the functional demands were essential in his design
projects, he never used forms for aesthetic reasons. He was engaged in
nature’s forms, and was not against technology - the architects mission
was to humanize mechanical forms.
The Alvar Aalto Museum, designed by Aalto 1966-73, is situated in
Jyväskylä,
the Capital of Central Finland.
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Amalienborg
Palace
in Copenhagen, Denmark, a unique piece of Danish
Rococo architecture, consists of four palaces (Moltke's,
Levetzau's, Brockdorff's and
Schack's) around an octagonal
courtyard. In the middle of the courtyard stands Saly's
equestrian statue of King Frederik 5., the founder of the
architectural complex built during his reign. The complex
was designed by the Danish architect
Nicolai Eigtved (1701-1754). (Rococo)
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The
250 year old quarter, Frederiksstaden,
containing
the four Amalienborg Palaces |
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The
Four Rococo Palaces of Amalienborg |
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Moltke's
Palace/Christian 7.'s Palace.
The Palace was built
1754 by the Danish
Rococo architect Nicolai
Eigtved (1701-1754) and
rebuilt in 1794 by the
Danish Neo-Classical
Architect CF Harsdorff
(1735-99). The French
architect Nicolas-Henri
Jardin (1720-1799) has
furnished the dining
hall with Louis XVI
style furniture (last
phase of Rococo and a
first phase of
Neo-Classicism). From
1982-96 the palace was restored to its original style by the
architect Mogens Kjaer-Andersen,
and HM The Queen has
personally supervised
the furnishings for the
Palace. |
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Levetzau's
Palace/Christian 8.'s
Palace/Christian
10.'s Palace.
The Palace was in 1794 bought by Prince
Frederik the Heir
Presumptive, who gave
the interior decoration
task to the
Neo-Classicist Nicolai
Abraham Abildgaard, who
was assisted by the
sculptor Bertel
Thorvaldsen. Prince Knud
the Heir Presumptive (HM
The Queen's uncle) has
his office in the palace
until his dead in 1976.
In 1994 the Amalienborg
Museum opened its door
to the public. The
museum houses the
Chronological collection
of the Danish Kings from
1863 to the present day
- it continues
the collections at
Rosenborg Castle. The
Amalienborg Museum
includes e.g. the study
of King Frederik 9. (HM
The Queen's father). It
is from this palace the
royal family wave to the
people on royal
occasions.
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Brockdorff's
Palace/
Frederik 8.'s Palace.
The
Palace was finished in
1760, and from 1765-88
it was Academy for land cadets and from
1788 Academy for sea
cadets. In 1828 the
palace became home for
the heir to the throne (later King Frederik
7.), and it was
renovated in pure
classical style by
Joergen Hansen Koch. The palace has
been residence for
Frederik 8. and Frederik
9. and his wife Queen
Ingrid, and is now
residence for The Crown
Prince Couple. |
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Schak's
Palace/Frederik 6's
Palace/Christian
9's Palace.
The Palace was
originally built
to baron Severin
Loevenskjold,
and in 1754 the
widow countess Anna Sophie Schack
took possession of
the palace. From
1967 the palace
has been the
winter residence
for HM Queen
Margrethe II and
the Prince Consort
Henrik after being
renovated by the
architects Thomas Havning
and Peter
Koch.
The
Royal Family
on stamps
Tapestries for the
Queen of Denmark |
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Saly's equestrian statue
of King Frederik 5., 1771 |
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Saly,
Jacques-Francois-Joseph
(1717-1776).
French sculptor.
He
was
apprenticed
to the sculptor G. Coustou (1677-1746). In 1738 he won the
Prix de Rome, he lived in Rome from 1740-48, and studied at
the Académie de France in Rome. He returned to France in
1751, his marble version of "Faun
Holding a Goat",
1751, gained him membership in the Académie Royale. In 1753
he left for Copenhagen to execute a bronze equestrian statue of King Frederik
5., unveiled in 1771. Saly stayed in
Denmark for twenty years, became director of
The
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, and created
numerous monumental works and busts of members of the Danish
court.
In 1774 Saly returned to France and became the first
sculptor to be honored with the Order of St. Michael by King
Louis XV,
he
was given a residence at the
Louvre
Palace, where he lived the
rest of his life. (Neo
Classicism) |
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HM
King Christian 10.
on his daily horseback ride through the
streets of Copenhagen. Click
here
for full size
image |
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HM
Queen Margrethe 2. and HRH Prince Consort Henrik.
The stamp is designed by the Danish artist Niels
Winkel, issued
on the occasion of the Royal silver wedding, 1992. |
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The Royal silver wedding,
June 10, 1992, First Day Cover. |
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HM
Queen Margrethe 2. and HRH Prince Consort Henrik. |
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Niels
Stroebaek, "HM Queen Margrethe II", 1998.
The painting was donated to
Aarhus
Town Hall
by Per Aarsleff A/S. |
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HRH
Crown Prince Frederik and HRH Crown Princess Mary
Elizabeth. |
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Wax
figures of the Royal Family, Louis Tussaud's
Wax Museum.Copenhagen.
The museum is now permanently closed. |
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The
Royal Danish Life Guards in the palace square
wearing the red uniform, which is only used
for special events. |
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The
Amalie Garden,
a
public garden,
was inaugurated in 1983. The
garden is laid out at the former Larsens Square - where
Danish 19th century immigrants to the United States went
on board the steamship Thingvalla. The Danish painter
Edvard Petersen has executed the painting "Emigrants at Larsens Square",
1890, (ARoS, Aarhus Museum of Art). The Belgian
landscape gardener Jean Delogne was commissioned to
design the garden by the Danish shipping magnate Mærsk
McKinney Møller (The A.P. Møller and Chastine
Mc-Kinney Møller Foundation) -
The Amalie Garden was a gift to the people of Denmark
from Mr. Møller. The Italian sculptor Arnaldo Pomodoro
has executed the sculptures for the garden, four bronze
columns around the fountain. |
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The Opera House
(2001-2004), the Dock Island in Copenhagen Harbor, was a gift to the people of Denmark
from the Danish shipping magnate Mærsk
McKinney Møller (The A.P. Møller and Chastine
Mc-Kinney Møller Foundation). |
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The 14-story Opera House was official
handed over and inaugurated on January 15, 2005. The Danish architect
Henning Larsen (1925) designed the building, he was also the designer of The
Foreign Ministry in Riyadh in Saudi Arabia, completed 1984.
Several artists have decorated the Opera House: The Danish artist Per
Arnoldi has designed the logo for the Opera House and
the stage curtain for the mainstage. The
Logo is the letter "O", it stands for Opera, the big "O"
contains a smaller oval-shaped "O", in the stage curtain is the
constellation Lyra* and the letter "O". "The
Danish multi-artist
Per
Kirkeby
has executed the four bronze
reliefs in the Opera foyer. The house is
illuminated by three chandeliers/spherical lamps composed of millions of
crystals that splinter and project the light, the lamps are designed by the
Icelandic artist Olafur Eliasson. Other artist are Tal R,
Erik A. Frandsen, Sonny Tronborg, Lars Noergaard, Pia Andersen, Jesper
Christiansen, Niels Erik Gjoerdevik and Kasper Bonnén. The mainstage is
coated in golden maple veneer to a height of about five stories. The
exterior walls of the Opera are Jura Gelb, South German limestone.
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"The Danish newspaper WeekendAvisen reported that the project was
really a story about "two old chaps" - 91-year- old shipping
magnate Maersk McKinney Moeller, one of Denmark's richest men and the
opera house's progenitor, and architect Henning Larsen, 79, of the
architecture firm Henning Larsens Tegnestue.
Much of the controversy surrounds Moeller's request to Larsen to break up
the uninterrupted-glass bubble with horizontal metal lines. The architect
did so, but to seemingly ill effect: The Danish newspaper Politiken wrote
that the metal-and-glass facade looks like the grille of a 1955 Pontiac." (The Washington Post, March 27, 2005). |
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*Lyra (lyre) is a small bright constellation in the northern hemisphere.
The brightest star in Lyra is Vega. In Greek mythology, Orpheus, the son
of Apollo and the Muse Calliope, sang and played the lyre, and his music
was so beautiful that he could charm the birds and the beasts. Orpheus married the nymph
Eurydice, she
was bitten by a snake and died, Orpheus was heartbroken, and he vows to
went down to the Underworld to find his wife. Hades, God of the dead and
ruler of the Underworld, could not resist his playing, he allowed Orpheus
to take Eurydice back with him on the condition that he did not look back
until he had reached the land of the living, however when he reached the surface, he was so overjoyed, that he looked back to
share the moment with Eurydice. Immediately she disappeared into the
underworld. Orpheus remained the rest of his life, singing songs that
enchanted the beast and the trees of the forest, he taught the rest of the
world the sound of sadness.
"Orpheus and Eurydice" (1762) an opera in three acts by the
German composer Christoph Willibald Gluck.
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The
Opera House (2001-2004), the Dock Island in Copenhagen
Harbor
The first performance of the new Copenhagen Opera House was "Aida",
Giuseppe Verdi's Egyptian opera. |
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The Copenhagen
Concert Hall
designed by the French architect Jean Nouvel,
inaugurated 2009. |
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Bangs
Stenhus/Bangs
Stone House in
Aalborg,
Denmark. The five-storied house was built in 1624 by the merchant Jens
Bang. The building was decorated with caricatures of his enemies or of
famous citizens. Bang did not become member of the city council, though
he was a wealthy man, and that was perhaps the reason why, he himself
was portrayed sticking out his tongue in the direction of the city hall.
(Renaissance) |
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Black
Diamond, The, 1996,
addition to The
Royal Library on the harbour front in Copenhagen, Denmark.
The architect firm Schmidt, Hammer and Lassen won the competition for an
extension to the library. The building is cowered with glass and black
Zimbabwean marble. Besides the library the building houses conference
and exhibitions facilities. |
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Borreby
Castle near Skælskør in Western Zealand
County, Denmark, erected in 1556 by
chancellor Johan Friis of
Hesselagergaard.
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"Near the Great Belt there stands an old mansion with thick red
walls," says the Wind. "I know every stone of those walls; I
knew them in the olden days when they were part of Marsk Stig's castle on
the promontory. They were torn down from there, but then they were built
up again to form a new wall and a new mansion; this was Borreby Mansion,
which stands to this day. I have seen and known all the noble men and
women of many different families who have lived there. Now I shall tell
you of Valdemar Daae and his daughters." ... "Magnificent
tapestries and costly, beautifully carved furniture surrounded her; she
had brought both silver and gold into the house; there was German beer in
the cellar; proud black horses neighed in the stables; ah, Borreby Mansion
was then the home of wealth."
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Quotations from "The Wind Tells about Valdemar Daae and His Daughters",
1859, by H.C. Andersen, translation from Danish into English by
Jean
Hersholt. H.C. Andersen visited Borreby eleven times.
The name Borreby derived from
Burghby, the name of a 14th century
village, the owner was at that time, c. 1345, the nobleman Niels Jensen,
and about 1390 Lave/Lars Nielsen Urne took possession of the castle, in
1410 it came under the See of Roskilde. At the Reformation of 1536
the
castle passed to the Crown. About 1553 king Christian 3. handed the crown lands
over to Chancellor Johan Friis. In 1556 the present main building was
built - three towers facing north and one tower facing south. Borreby is a
typical Renaissance defence castle - e.g. the building's strong horizontals,
the big windows, and meutriers/murder holes through which they could fire
arrows or pour boiling water and tar down upon the enemies, loopholes,
moats and drawbridges. The two sidewings dated back to 1605 and 1606, the west wing
contained a chapel.
In 1618 Borreby passed to the Daa family. Valdemar Daa was the last owner
in the Friis family, the castle was dilapidated
and indebted, and Valdemar Daa experimented unsuccessfully with alchemy to save the castle from financial ruin, his life is described in
H.C.
Andersen's fairy tale about Valdemar Daa and his daughters:
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"Those superb horses in the stable
- what became of them? And the fine old gold and silver
in cupboards and chests, the cattle in the meadows, the
mansion and all its riches? Yes, they were all melted
down in the gold-making crucible, and yet no gold came
of it." ... "Now the mansion is mortgaged! Now it is
high time indeed - and so we shall have gold! By
Easter!" ... "Behold the alchemistic glass! I glittered,
glowing, pure and heavy; he lifted it with faltering
hand; he cried with stumbling tongue, 'Gold! Gold!' He
staggered, dizzy, and I could have blown him down as he
stood," said the Wind, "but I only blew on the live
coals, then followed him through the door to where his
daughters sat, shiverig." ... "I've found it! I've won!'
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'Gold!' The glass flashed in the sunbeams as he held it high -
and then, lo! his hand trembled so that the alchemistic glass fell to the
floor and shivered into a thousand fragments! His last bubble had burst!
Whew, whew, whew! On, on, on! And I went on, away from the alchemist's
home." ... "And at the same time there was a different sort of
sweeping and cleaning out at Borreby Mansion. Valdemar Daae's old enemy,
Ove Ramel, of Basnaes, was there with the mortgage on the mansion and all
its contents." ... "They had nothing left except the clothes
they wore, and the new alchemistic glass, filled with the brittle treasure
that had promised so much - the fool's gold scraped up from the floor;
this Valdemar Daae hid in his breast. He took his cane in his hand, and
with his three daughters the once rich nobleman walked out of Borreby
Mansion."
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In 1750 the owner of Borreby was Villum
Berregaard, a
member of the kings council (Geheimeråd), he changed
the garden into a French Baroque garden, and later he refurnished the
chapel in the western wing. In 1773 Borreby was bought by chamberlain,
later major general, Joachim Melchior
Holten Castenschiold, and the castle has belonged to the Castenschiold family ever since.
The Park and
Borreby
Gallery are open to the public.
Borreby has been location for Danish movies.
(Renaissance)
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The Round
Tower, 1637
Photo Kirsten Petersen |
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Christian IV born in 1577,
King of Denmark and Norway
1596-1648. He was the greatest (Renaissance-)
builder ever in the Scandinavian history e.g.:
Rosenborg
Castle, built as a summerhouse for the Royal Family,
today museum
which houses the Royal Danish Collection of paintings,
King Christian 5. tapestries and the Crown Jewels.
Holmens
Church
for sailors in the Navy. HM the
Queen, when even a princess, was married here in 1967 to
the French Count Henri de Laborde de Montpezat.
The
Trinitatis Church
with the Round Tower, church tower
and astronomical
observatory.
Regensen, The Royal Collegium in
Copenhagen still used for is original purpose.
Nyboder,
rows of yellow houses for sailors in the Kings fleet.
Boersen, The Stock Exchange.
The Royal Arsenal Museum
behind Christiansborg Palace was built
together with
Proviantgaarden. As an admirer of the
Netherlands, he founded
Christianshavn
called
"New Amsterdam", and the architect on this project
was the Dutchman Johan Semp. King Christian IV also founded
Christiania
(today Oslo, Norway),
Christiansstad
and
Christianssand.
The poster stamp shows the King on the flagship Trefoldigheden/The
Trinity. The king lost his eye during the battle against Swedish troops
on Kolberger Heide, a Swedish bullet hit a cannon on the Danish flagship.
The battle began in 1644 and ended in a Danish victory after ten years.
The stamp is on the whole identical with the painting from 1864 by the Danish
artist Wilhelm Marstrand, made for the kings chapel in Roskilde
Cathedral, the royal burial place of kings and queens.
(Renaissance)
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Egeskov
Castle,
Funen,
Denmark,
was built by Frands Brockenhuus for defense purposes with thick double walls and on oak pilings in the middle of a
lake, and the only access to the castle was across a drawbridge. The
castle was completed in 1554. Today the Castle is a tourist attraction
known for its large park with the maze and museums of e.g. horse-drawn
vehicles, veteran cars, motorcycles and toys.
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Fredensborg Palace North Zealand,
Denmark,
1719-26, by the
architect J.C. Krieger. The main building was
inaugurated in 1722, the chapel in 1726. The
original purpose of the palace was a hunting seat
for the king. During the reign of King Christian 9.
(Father-in-law of Europe) Fredensborg became the
setting for the royal family life for lengthy
periods. Today the Royal Family uses the palace in
the spring and in the autumn. The palace is often
the setting for important events in the royal family
e.g. the wedding of Crown
Prince |
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Frederik to Mary Donaldson, and HM the Queen
receives e.g. Heads of State from all over
the world at Fredensborg during State
Visits.
There is a tradition that
the State Visitors scratches their name with
a diamond on a pane of window glass. The
garden complex was designed by J.C. Krieger
and reorganized in 1760s by Nicolas-Henri
Jardin. In the garden are the "Valley of the
Norsemen", an "Orangery" and sculptures by
J. Wiedewelt. (Baroque) |
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Frederiksberg
Castle, (1699-1703),
Copenhagen, Denmark.
Built as Royal Castle for King Frederik 4. by the architect Ernst
Brandenburger. The castle was enlarged in 1708-09 by the architect Johan
Conrad Ernst, and from 1733-38 the wings were added for King Frederik 6.
by the architect Laurids de Thurah. With the
enlargement in the 1730s, the castle got its present form.
King
Frederik 6. used the castle as his summer residence.
The baroque garden were laid out on designs by the officer H. H.
Scheel and J. C. Krieger, later the Gardens were transformed into
romantic English landscape gardens under the leadership of the palace
gardener Peter Petersen. The
Chinese summerhouse was built in 1801 by Andreas Kirkerup, and the Apis
Temple by
N.
A. Abildgaard in 1802-04.
In 1869 the Castle became state property of the Ministry of
Defence, today it houses
the Danish Army
Officer School. (Baroque) |
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Frederiksborg
Castle, Hilleroed, North Zealand, Denmark. Named after King
Frederik 2. (1534-88). The main part of the castle was built in Dutch
Renaissance style between 1600-20 by the son of Frederik 2., King
Christian
4. The Castle Chapel survived when the rest of the castle
burnt down in 1859 and today it stands as in Christian 4.'s time - the
castle was rebuilt by the brewer and patron J.C. Jacobsen. The Danish Kings lived in Frederiksborg Castle
for about a century and the absolute monarchs were
crowned in the palace chapel from 1671. |
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Since 1693, Christian 4.s palace chapel has also served as the knight's
chapel for the Order of the Elephant and the Knights of the Dannebrog.
The Castle Gardens consisted of a romantic landscape garden and a
baroque garden, re-created in 1996 according to studies of the architect
J.C. Krieger's gardens from 1725.
The divorced couple HRH Prince Joachim and Alexandra Christina,
Countess of Frederiksborg, were married in Frederiksborg Castle Chapel in November 1995.
The castle is Museum of National History - a collection of portraits,
historical paintings and modern art. (Renaissance)
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The Bauhaus-archive museum of design, Berlin, Germany, (planned
in 1964 for Darmstadt, built 1976-79 in Berlin). The collection focused on the history of the
school
and all aspects of its work. |
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Gropius, Walter
(1883-1969). German-American architect.
Born in Berlin, the son of an architect.
He studied at the Technical Universities
in Munich and Berlin. He joined the
office of Peter Behrens in 1910 and
three years later he established a
practice with Adolph Meyer.
In 1919 Gropius founded The Bauhus School
in Weimar, in which a basis for
Functionalism was made. At the same time
Functionalism had been put into practice
in France by the architect
Le Corbusier.
Gropius left the Bauhaus and started
private practice in Berlin until he, in
due to the rising power of the Nazi
Party, was forced to leave Germany, for
the US, where he from 1937-1952 taught
at Harvard University. From 1938-1941,
he worked on a series of houses with
Marcel Breuer
and in 1945 he founded "The Architect's
Collaborative", a design team that
embodied his belief in the value of
teamwork. Gropius created innovative
designs that borrowed materials and
methods of construction from modern
technology. Gropius died 1969 in Boston,
Massachusetts, USA.
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Buildings:
The Art and architecture school Bauhaus at Dessau, Germany, (1919-1925).
The Fagus Shoe-Last Factory in Alfeld an der Leine, Germany, (1911-1913).
The Gropius House, (his own house) Lincoln,
Massachusetts, USA, (1937).
The Harvard Graduate Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, (1950).
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Bauhaus
in
Germany, 1919-33, the most important school of
architecture, art and design of the 20th century. Cooperation
between architects, painters, sculptors, designers and craftsmen -
interplay between art and technology should create a harmonic
whole, and all sorts of applied art and artistic products should
be summarized into a common manifesto. Design could improve
society, not just be a reflection of society. Bauhaus style was
characterized by economy of method, a severe geometry of form and
design that took into account the nature of the materials
employed. The Bauhaus had a great influence on industrial
designing and the Bauhaus-ideas about artistic design of everyday
objects were spread all over Europe and to the USA.
The Bauhaus was founded in
Weimar in
1919
by Walter Gropius with a faculty that included
Paul
Klee, Lyonel Feininger,
Wassily
Kandinsky,
László
Moholy-Nagy and
Marcel Breuer.
In
1925
the school was relocated in
Dessau
where Gropius designed special buildings to house the various departments.
Gropius resigned in 1928, and the leadership was continued by the
architect Hannes Meyer,
who in turn was replaced in 1930 by Ludwig Mies
van der Rohe.
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The school's concepts aroused strong opposition
among e.g. right-wing politicians, and in the
summer of
1932 opposition to
the school had increased to such an extent that the city of Dessau
withdrew its support. The school was then moved to
Berlin, where the
faculty endeavored to carry on their ideas. In
1933 the Nazi government closed the
Bauhaus school in Berlin.
In
1937 Bauhaus was re-established as
New Bauhaus in
Chicago
(now Chicago
Institute of Design) the founder and head of the Chicago-school was the
Hungarian-American
painter, photograph and art critic
László
Moholy-Nagy. (Bauhaus,
Functionalism)
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Graasten
Palace
(1759). Danish Royal Palace in South
Jutland.
The original Palace was a small hunting seat built in the
middle of the 16th century, it burned down in 1603, and a
new palace was built.
During the chancellor Count Frederik Ahlefeldt, the owner of the palace
from 1662-82, and his son, was in the late 1600s built a huge baroque
palace, which burned down in 1757 - the palace church and some
pavilions survived.
The existing palace derived from 1759, where a new south
wing was built, and from 1842, where the central building
was added. The Augustenborg family was the owner of the
Palace from 1825-1852, and again after 1864, in the meantime
King Frederik 7. took possession of Graasten. |
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In 1920 the Danish state took possession of the palace, and
it was used as e.g. library, courtroom, residence of the
judge and the chief constable. In 1935 the palace was renovated for Crown Prince Frederik
(later King Frederik 9.) and Crown Princess Ingrid. After
Queen Ingrid’s death, the palace is still used as a summer
residence by the Royal Family.
Queen Ingrid, who had a great interest in gardening, created
the gardens as an English Landscape Garden.
(Baroque)
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Hammershus,
The ruined castle of Hammershus, on the Isle of Bornholm, Denmark -
Northern
Europe's largest castle ruin. The castle was built in the early
1200s - the following 500 years the castle was fortress for changing men of
power, and time and time again the castle was rebuilt. In 1660-61 the
daughter of
King Christian 4.,
Leonora Christine and her husband Corfitz Ulfeldt, considered to be traitors,
were prisoners in the castle - a dramatically escaping failed. In 1743
the rulers final gave up, and natives of Bornholm could freely fetch
stone at the place, which fall into decay till 1822, where the ruin
became listed. |
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Hesselagergaard
Castle, Funen, Denmark, a
castle of defense built c.1538-48 by the
Danish builder and sculptor Morten Bussert,
the interior was adorned with works by the
German artist Jacob Binck.
In the 13th century Hesselagergaard was
mentioned as crown lands in King
Valdemar's Cadaster. In 1419 the owner was
Jac. Ottesen Bildt, the castle was
inherited by his son-in-law Henrik Friis,
whose grandson chancellor Johan Friis
built the present main building where the
first castle stood - the first castle
burnt down during "The Count's
Feud", a civil war in Denmark,
1534-1536, during the reign of King
Christian 3. - named after the count
Christoffer of Oldenborg.
An inscription over the main entrance
stated the year 1538 - it is unknown
whether it was the year the building
activities begun or ended. From the
beginning the castle was planned as a
small single-storeyed longhouse, and the
only addition was the eastern tower.
In the south the big stair tower was built
with a four-flight brick staircase - at
this point something completely new in
Denmark - at the same time the western
tower was built. The watchman's gallery
and round arch gables were probably
influenced by the architecture of Venice,
and were often seen n the Early
Renaissance works in northern Europe - the
gables were just for decoration, their
purpose were to get the castle look
bigger. Some round stone in the outer wall
of the castle bear inscriptions - that
times reuse of gravestones from the
cemeteries.
The present owner of the castle is Baron
Henrik Blixen-Finecke.
(Renaissance)
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Watchman's
Gallery and Gun Slits. |
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Staircase
to
first floor. |
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The Moat. |
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The Deer Hall by Jacob Binck. |
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Hesselagergaard
Castle, c.1538-48. |
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Irming, Mogens
and Nielsen,
Tage - Danish architects, the winners of the development
plan for the Bellahoej area, after this the great task was handed over
to four different cooperative housing societies and their architects.
The Bellahoej buildings were the first high-rise blocks/skyscrapers in Denmark,
the architects were influenced by the Swiss-French architect
Le
Corbusier. The buildings were planned and built from 1944-58,
28 high-rise blocks, about 1300 flats, the blocks were individual displaced
in proportion to each other with a unique view over Copenhagen, the Sound
and a view of Sweden in the horizon. (Functionalism)
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Aarhus
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Jacobsen,
Arne (1902-1971). The
Danish architect and designer
Arne
Jacobsen's private
holiday cottage Kubeflex (flexible cube house), 1970. The
house is
rebuilt at Trapholt
Museum of Modern Art, Kolding, Denmark. The holiday
cottage consists of cube modules (10 square metres),
which could be adapted to the
wishes and needs
of the users, however Kubeflex was never put into production.
The house contains Jacobsen's design e.g. The Egg
chair, The Swan Chair, The Swan Sofa, Vola fittings
and Cylinda Line.
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Kampmann,
Hack
(1856-1920). Danish architect and painter (numerous of watercolors).
Kampmann was educated at The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, 1873-78.
In 1882-83 he studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He traveled
through Europe, studying architecture in Germany, Italy and France. In
1887 he went to Greece with the brewer, art collector, patron of the
arts and founder of the museum "Glyptoteket" Carl Jacobsen. In
1897 he visited Spain. His later buildings were influenced by the sketches
of houses, buildings and nature which he made during his journeys. He
was primarily active in Jutland and first and foremost in Aarhus.
Kampmann went to Copenhagen in 1908 and became professor at The Royal
Danish Academy of Fine Arts, 1908-18. (Jugendstyle)
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Marselisborg Palace, Aarhus, 1902, royal summer residence. The
Rose Gate was one of Kampmann's famous decorative works. The Palace was
given by the people of Denmark as a wedding gift to the crown prince
Christian (later king Christian 10.) and princess Alexandrine. |
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The police headquarters in Copenhagen, 1920-34. |
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Aarhus Theatre, 1900 |
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Bronze devil above the pediment |
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Aarhus Theatre, the
pediment is decorated with a scene from the play
"Maskerade" written by Ludvig
Holberg and the Eagle-frieze. |
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Café
Hack, named after the architect. |
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The
Theatre Restaurant with the lion-tiger frieze, 1900, by
the artist Karl Hansen-Reistrup. The restaurant was
closed down c. 1948. |
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The State library, Aarhus, 1902, since 1963 Business Archives. |
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The
Cathedral School in Aarhus,
1906.
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The Royal Custom House, Aarhus, 1897. |
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The Postal and Telegraph Services House, Aarhus, 1902. |
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"Villa
Kampen", Strandvejen 104, 1901-02, the villa was
designed by the architect for himself. Photo: Kirsten
Petersen, used with permission of John Thierry Andersen,
Combinvest Århus A/S, Strandvejen 104. |
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The Aarhus School of Business, 1905. |
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Kronborg
Castle, "Hamlet's Castle", Elsinore, North Zealand, Denmark. Known all
over the world from Shakespeare's Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
- a stone
tablet at the main entrance to the castle shows a portrait of William
Shakespeare (1564-1616).
In the 1420s the Danish king, Erik of Pomerania, built a fortress named
Krogen - a number of buildings encircled by a ring wall. The king
introduced
the Sound Toll - all ships passing Elsinore had to pay duty to the
Danish Crown.
In 1585, during the reign of king Frederik 2., Krogen was converted to
Kronborg, and also the first of the
bastions, the special triangular ramparts, was built. If somebody used
the previous name Krogen, the person concerned had to pay a penalty for the
offence - a good ox. In 1629 the castle burnt down apart from the church. During
King
Christian
4., the castle was rebuilt and
reopened in 1639. Christian 4. also built more modern castles e.g.
Rosenborg and
Frederiksborg,
and Kronborg ceased to be a royal residence in the 17th century. In 1658 most of Denmark was occupied by the Swedish, and Copenhagen was
in danger of suffering the same fate, the Swedish troops regarded
control of Kronborg as a crucial step before attacking Copenhagen. After
the withdrawal of Swedish troops in 1660, a peace treaty was signed, the
troops left Kronborg robbed and destroyed. Afterwards the defences were
strengthened significantly. From
1688-90 an advanced line of defence
was added called the Crownwork, and
a new series of ramparts were built
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In
1772 the queen of Denmark Caroline
Mathilde was under house arrest at Kronborg - she got married at a very
young age to the mentally sick king Christian 7, shortly after the
wedding she became the mistress of Johann Friedrich Struensee
(1737-1772), the kings's personal physician. In 1772 Struensee was
deposed by a coup, and the queen was arrested as his accomplice and sent
to Kronborg, where she spent much of her time in the tower room beside
the Queen's Chamber - after four months she was released and allowed to
leave Denmark. From 1785-1923 Kronborg was under military administration. During this
period, a number of renovations were completed. The ballroom was divided
into two storeys, and the church was converted into a gymnasium.
During the Napoleonic wars Denmark was allied with the French and the
enemy of Great Britain. A large British fleet under Admiral Parker and
his second in command Lord Nelson succeeded in passing Kronborg in 1801
- not one British ship was lost.
In 1816, the 200th anniversary of the death of Shakespeare, his drama
Hamlet was performed for first time at Kronborg. The actors were
soldiers from the Castle garrison.
From 1834-97 Kronborg was restored.
The military barracks were abolished in 1923, and Kronborg was thorough
restored. A lot of effort has been expended trying to restore the Castle
to the way it looked during the reigns of Frederik 2. and Christian 4.
The state assumed responsibility for the Castle, which was turned into a
museum.
During World War II, 1940-45, Kronborg was occupied by German troops.
Kronborg was added to UNESCO's World Heritage List in 2000.
(Renaissance)
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"Ogier the Dane"
(Holger Danske) in the casemates of Kronborg. According to legend
the
sleeping hero will wake and defend his country if Denmark
ever should be in danger. |
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H. C. Andersen wrote
in 1845 the fairytale "Holger
Danske".
The statue can be seen in the casemates of
Kronborg as described by H. C. Andersen. |
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H.C. Andersen, "Holger Danske", 1845
"But
the most beautiful sight of all is the
old castle of Kronenburg, where Holger
Danske sits in the deep, dark cellar,
into which no one goes. He is clad in
iron and steel, and rests his head on
his strong arm; his long beard hangs
down upon the marble table, into which
it has become firmly rooted; he sleeps
and dreams, but in his dreams he sees
everything that happens in Denmark. On
each Christmas-eve an angel comes to him
and tells him that all he has dreamed is
true, and that he may go to sleep again
in peace, as Denmark is not yet in any
real danger; but should danger ever
come, then Holger Danske will rouse
himself, and the table will burst
asunder as he draws out his beard. Then
he will come forth in his strength, and
strike a blow that shall sound in all
the countries of the world."
... "But
the little boy in bed saw plainly the
old castle of Kronenburg, and the Sound
of Elsinore, and Holger Danske, far down
in the cellar, |
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with his beard rooted to the
table, and dreaming of everything that was passing above
him. And Holger Danske did dream of the little humble room
in which the image-carver sat; he heard all that had been
said, and he nodded in his dream, saying, "Ah, yes,
remember me, you Danish people, keep me in your memory, I
will come to you in the hour of need." The bright
morning light shone over Kronenburg, and the wind brought
the sound of the hunting-horn across from the neighboring
shores. The ships sailed by and saluted the castle with
the boom of the cannon, and Kronenburg returned the
salute, "Boom, boom." But the roaring cannons
did not awake Holger Danske, for they meant only "Good
morning," and "Thank you." They must fire
in another fashion before he awakes; but wake he will, for
there is energy yet in Holger Danske." |
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Lassen,
Mogens,
(1901-1987). Danish architect, among
the pioneers of Danish Functionalism. He was influenced by
Le Corbusier.
In
1935 he
designed
Anchersvej in Klampenborg,
north of Copenhagen. The house was a so-called studio house
- the light shining in through the big windows. The storeys
were displaced. Lassen built six individual houses in
Klampenborg including his own house, which he enlarged and
rebuilt - in the 1950s he designed a room with skylights
without doors, and no windows (apart from the inaccessible
skylights) made it possible to look inside the hidden room,
which became the soul of the house.
(Functionalism)
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Le
Corbusier (Charles Édouard Jeanneret-Gris)
(1887-1965). Swiss
born architect, painter, theorist and designer. He moved to Paris
in 1917, and together with his cousin
Pierre
Jeanneret he established his own
drawing office.
Le
Corbusier was one of the most important architects of urban planning
and The Modern movement/The International Style - a style influenced by
The Bauhaus and
de
Stijl, including the most skilled and influential architects: Le
Corbusier,
Walter Gropius (German-American),
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (German-American), Theo van Doesburg (Dutch),
Philip Johnson (American) and Alvar Aalto (Finnish).
Le Corbusier's buildings were simple, unornamented and the materials were
glass, steel and reinforced concrete. He attached importance to the
functional home, aesthetics, the mental and social well being of humans,
light, air and 24-hour harmony. In 1928 he begun creating
furnishings (tubular steel furniture) for his
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buildings as part of a collaboration with Pierre Jeanneret
and Charlotte Perriand e.g. "B 306" (Chaise-longue,
1928-32), the "relaxing machine" - likewise Le
Corbusier called his houses for
"machines for living". Together with the painter
Amedée
Ozenfant he created the
Purism, which liberated the Cubism from decorative
elements. Ozenfant and Le Corbusier wrote the manifesto
"Après le Cubisme".
His first paintings were signed
Jeanneret, about 1925 he used
his pseudonym Le Corbusier.
A limited number of his furniture was produced in the period 1930-59. In
1964 an Italian furniture manufacturer
bought the production
rights to Le Corbusier's furniture.
Charles Jencks "Le
Corbusier and the Tragic View of Architecture",
Cambridge, 1973. (Functionalism)
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"Chapelle Notre Dame du Haut", 1950-54, Ronchamp, France. |
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Le
Corbusier in front of
"Chapelle Notre Dame du Haut". |
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Le
Corbusier in front of
"Villa savoye",
1928, Poissy-sur-Seine, France.
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Le
Corbusier, Aalborg Artmuseum, Denmark. |
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Le
Corbusier Chair and Sofa, 1929. |
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"Unité d'Habitation de Marseille", 1945, Marseille, France.
Buildings in Chandigarh, 1952-59, India.
"Carpenter Visual Arts Center", 1961, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. |
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New National
Gallery, Berlin,
1965-68. |
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Mies van der Rohe in front of New
National Gallery, Berlin, 1965-68. |
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Mies van der Rohe in front of New
National Gallery, Berlin, 1965-68.
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"Barcelona
Chair", 1927. |
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street 9 (Provstegade 9), Randers, Jutland,
c. 1650, supposed to
be an old grocer's shop, was rebuild in
The Old Town in 1946-47. |
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"The
post office"
Photo: Birgitte Desirée Pettersen |
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Pompidou
Center/Beaubourg -
The Georges
Pompidou National Center for Art and Culture (Centre National d'art et
de culture Georges Pompidou), Paris, (1971-77).
The president of the French Republic
from 1967-74,
Georges Pompidou, wanted a center for Art and
Culture in the heart of Paris. The revolutionary High-Tech
construction with its glass facade and the escalator in a Plexiglas
tube and blue and green pipes on its facade was designed by the Italian
architect Renzo Piano, the British
architect Richard Rodgers and the
engineering firm, Ove Arup and Partners, England. The Pompidou Center
opened its doors to the public in 1977.
The Pompidou Center houses: Museum of modern and contemporary
European art, a public library, cinemas and performance halls, an
institute for musical research, center for industrial design,
educational activity areas and bookshops.
The collections of the Museum included works by e.g.
Picasso,
Magritte,
Kandinsky,
Chagall
and
Klee.
The Pompidou Center was renovated from 1997-99, it was reopened to
the public in 2000, with extended museum space and enhanced
reception areas. (Postmodernism)
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"The
Schroeder house", Utrecht, the Netherlands,
1924-25 |
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"Rietveld-Pavilion",
1955,
The
Kroeller-Muller-Museum,
the Netherlands |
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Rietveld,
Gerrit Thomas (1888-1964). Architect and furniture
designer. Born in Utrecht in the Netherlands.
His father was a cabinetmaker, and early in life Rietveld was
an apprentice in his father's cabinetmaking business. From
1906-11 he was trained as a jewelry designer, and
later he studied architecture in Utrecht. He
became a member of "De Stijl Group". In he
designed the revolutionary "Red-Blue Chair"
for "The Schroeder house", the chair was a radical
change of architectural theory. The "Zig Zag Chair"
from 1934, a simple geometric form, was also designed for "The
Schroeder House". His very special furniture design led to many
housing commissions in Neoplastic style. In the late 1920s the
architects were focused on dematerialization, an idea which influenced a
number of terrace houses which Rietveld was involved in. From 1942-48 he
taught at different art-schools in the Netherlands.
The Biennale Pavilion in Venice, 1953-54.
The
Rietveld-Pavilion,
1955, The
Kroeller-Muller-Museum, the Netherlands. The exhibition pavilion
in the Sonsbeek Park in Arnhem was designed for presentation of
sculptures. In 1965 the
Pavilion
was relocated to the sculpture park at the Kroeller-Muller
Museum
The museum of modern art
"De Zonnehof" in Amersfoort (1958-59)
The Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, the main structure was designed
by Rietveld, opened in 1973. (Functionalism)
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Spreckelsen,
Johan Otto von, (1929-1987).
Danish architect. He was professor at
The
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Art in Copenhagen, worked for UNESCO in
Turkey and became visiting professor in Ohio, USA. In 1983 he won,
together with professor Erik Reitzel, the international architectural competition
of La Defénse, arranged by the French president Francois
Mitterand, who wanted to create a connection between Paris and the suburb
la Defénse, an urban area planned by Georges Pompidou, the president of
France from 1969 to his death in 1974. The name la Defénse related to
the war 1870-71, when the French put up a strong resistance to their
Prussian enemies.The Triumphal Arch of Mankind (Arc de Triomphe de
l'Humanite/l'Arche de la Défense)
was inaugurated in 1989 and contains offices and |
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Arc de Triumphe
du Carrousel. |
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The Triumphal
Arch
of Mankind (Arc de Triomphe de l'Humanite), 1989,
la Defénse, Paris, France.
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conference and
exhibitions facilities - it is a 106 meters high building with 36
storeys. The Triumphal Arch of
Mankind was the third in the row of triumphal arches starting with the
old Arc de Triumphe du Carrousel and Arc de Triumphe at Champs Elysées.
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La
Défense 1988
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enlargement |
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Utzon,
Joern, (1918-2008). Danish architect and furniture designer. World-famous
for his Sydney Opera House, 1957-73, and the
Parliament Building in
Kuwait, 1972-82.
The purpose of a house or a building became essential for Utzon, it had
never interested him building monuments - instead he was creating
an atmosphere using daylight in his humane
architecture. In 1980 he
received the Velux Foundation prize of honour for his use of daylight. |
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Fredensborg
Terraces,
1959-65,
North Zealand, Denmark. |
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The
27th Olympiad in Sydney, 2000.
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The architecture was determined by the organic principle/the nature. The
additive principle in architecture characterized his buildings - a
method of building existing of few modules composed of needs, wants and
wishes of the individuals. During a journey to Mexico Utzon discovered the platforms built by the
Mayas to raise their temples above the jungle, the influence from here
could be seen in the Sydney Opera House. The Opera House was completed
by Australian architects, Utzon himself had never seen his completed
masterpiece. Today the Opera
House has been modernized in a cooperation between father and
son, the architect Jan Utzon, and his daughter Lin Utzon has
executed some interior decorations. |
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The Sydney Opera
House, 1957-73 |
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Selected works by Utzon: the Kingo Houses or the Roman houses,
1956-58, Elsinore. The Fredensborg Houses, courtyard houses,
1959-65, North Zealand. Farum town centre, 1966, near
Copenhagen. The Stadium Project, 1967, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Bagsvaerd Church, 1973-76, near Copenhagen. Paustian's House
of Furniture Copenhagen, 1986. The Esbjerg Music House, 1999,
Jutland, in cooperation with Jan Utzon. In 1972 he built "Can Lis" and in 1994 "Can Feliz" -
private houses in Mallorca, Spain.
In 2003 Utzon received "Pritzker Architecture Prize", the same
year he was appointed professor of honour at the University of Aalborg,
his native town. At the university is established a Utzon Centre, the
intention of the Centre is to gather, catalogue and present the work of
Utzon, as the basis for academic research and public understanding of
his significant position within Nordic and international architecture.
(Functionalism)
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Wersailles,
Palace of. Royal Palace near Paris, built by Louis 14. in the 17th
century, a great period of the absolute monarchy. In 1643 Louis 14.
(1638-1715)
became King of France and King of Navarre, he was a minor when he
inherited the Crown and did not assume personal control of the
government until the death of his chief minister Jules Mazarin in 1661.
Louis 14. was known as "The Sun King" (Le Roi Soleil) and
"Louis the Great".
Versailles was a symbol of absolutism. The army
was the basis of concentration of power and was extended enormously
during Louis 14. - his reign was almost a
state of war and the tax system the financial basis. At the Palace of
Versailles resided the king, nobilities, the central administration and
the The Swiss Guard.
Louvre in Paris (today Musée du Louvre) was the kings first Palace,
because of the kings desire for expanding the court moved outside
Paris. In 1670 the The Sun King planned his residence, a sunbeam-shaped
complex, which became normative for the German profane architecture.
The keywords of a royal residence was court and ceremonial. Versailles
was a theater complex, a funnel-shape passage led to the centre, to the
kings bedroom, which was placed exactly in the middle of the complex,
round The Sun King/the sun planets were circling in the shapes of e.g.
Salon Mars and Salon Mercury. The king in the middle, because he
understood himself as connecting link between the
earthly and the
heavenly - as the monstrance was absurd without the host, Versailles was
absurd without the king himself in the middle. The official bedroom was
reception room. Versailles reflected the
dictatorial will of the king.
The magnificent Baroque gardens of Versailles were laid out by the great
landscape artist, André Le Nôtre, (1661-65). The gardens contained
sculptures, fountains, cascades, orangery and the palaces The
Grand Trianon designed by Hardouin-Mansart
and The Petit Trianon, a favorite retreat of Marie-Antoinette, queen of
France and wife of King Louis 16., it was situated at a short distance
from the Grand Trianon and designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel.
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1.
Equestrian
Statue
of Louis 14. 2. Main entrance.
3.
Palace of Versailles. 4.-5.
The
kings bedroom.
6. Saint-Louis Cathedral.
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The
Garden of Versailles.
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1.-2.
Gallery of mirrors.
3.
Pavilion.
4.
Grand Trianon.
5.-6.
Petit Trianon.
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Palace of Abraxas "The
People's Versailles", social housing estates
built in the eighties in Noisy le Grand outside Paris.
The Spaniard Ricardo
Bofill has designed the buildings in hyperclassical
style influenced by Neoclassicism. |
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R. Guggenheim Museum in New York,
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ARoS
Aarhus Museum of Art 2000-2004, designed
by the architects Schmidt, Hammer & Lassen. Ron
Mueck's sculpture "Boy"
is the landmark of ARoS.
Photos:
Kirsten Petersen
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